Reading Summary of Eric Abrahamson and Gregory Fairchilds Management Fashion Essay Example for Free

Perusing Summary of Eric Abrahamson and Gregory Fairchilds Management Fashion Essay Postulation While most trends in the executives method are fleeting a few strategies become systematized and advance and are reshaped to fits current styles. Exogenous and endogenous powers shape the interest for the board information business visionaries to continually reshape and rethink sane administration forms. Proof Abrahamson and Fairchilds study yielded discoveries that help contextualize the idea of the board design. Lifecycles of an administration strategies regularly follow a brief, ringer molded, symmetric fame bend. Positive input on the board procedures builds the talk advancing that method, making it progressively diffuse across associations. Exogenous powers encourage or stifle design specialties and endogenous look after specialties. Offbeat learning proposes that chiefs look to discover moment results and fix all answers for their administration approach, spurred by feeling as opposed to nitty gritty examinations. Though genuine learning comprises cautious arranging and assessment of thoughts to create a compelling administration method. Restrictions Abrahamson and Fairchild articulate the negative parts of consistent short life - transient unsteadiness and cross-sectional decent variety however neglect to demonstrate the impacts these administration designs have on the foundations wherein they are actualized. Do moving administration methods stunt establishment development, do changing procedures upset the business sectors for the results of these organizations? Questions (1) What causes certain administration practices to get regulated while others are just passing crazes? (2) Are the consequences of eccentric learning or genuine learning bound to be received? Which is progressively successful?

Gulf War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Bay War - Essay Example In military terms, the crusade in the Persian Gulf was very fruitful on the grounds that it hangs out in the amazing low number of battle losses. The alliance powers accomplished total prevalence in air, adrift and ashore with insignificant misfortunes; notwithstanding, politically the result of the inlet war is explicitly argumentative. In the quick sense, Kuwait’s taken sway was reestablished with the Al-Sabah family set back in force and UN’s points being satisfied. From the local viewpoint, the effect of the war had significant vital monetary just as political outcomes; for example, the vital cost of permitting the intercession of the US brought about nearer attaches with certain countries in the district. Organization of Allied powers Following the alliance war and the related disintegration in the financial and wellbeing adapted in the nation saw Saddam’s notoriety endure decay. ... Late history is loaded with occasions where in military terms lawmakers look to control vital results wrongly like on account of Grenada and Vietnam. In any case, in 1991 political pioneers in that period appeared to be wary of violating the imprint from national to political intruding contrasted with their contribution in Vietnam. At the time the US president, George Bush along with the country’s secretary of safeguard Richard Cheney were resolved to permit the experts run the war and evade micromanagement of the combat zone. At the hour of the war, it was fundamental for the US to pass on messages that inlet war was never a US one-sided experience. To show this, it depended in huge part on making and keeping up the worldwide alliance of troop from various countries particularly the Arab states. Additionally, the achievement of proposed barrier for Saudi Arabia and later on the freedom of Kuwait depended on digressive alliance right of passage to Saudi’s domain on whic h to base the tasks. In any case, there were significant worries of an Arab state going about as an organizing base for the fundamentally western animosity against an Arab state. An Australian general assumed a steady job to the mission of US’s secretary to Saudi Arabia to convince the King at the time on the noteworthiness of shielding the nation against the Iraqi animosity. At that point, the Middle East political setting was experiencing emotional change and tolerating the path of least resistance in mollifying Saddam could adjust it to the upside of Saudi Arabia and its partners. Additionally, to agree with western forces against another Arab state was unsafe endeavor since it had

What Is the Best Way to Buy Online Essays?

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Philippines Toward a Child-Friendly Education Environment Essay Example

Philippines Toward a Child-Friendly Education Environment Paper Childrens peers, more than the grown-ups, are the culprits of viciousness in schools. 4. Male youngsters are bound to encounter physical viciousness than female kids. 5. Physical and verbal types of brutality are acknowledged by the kids as a major aspect of control and seen as fitting when exacted inside specific parameters. 6. Kids for the most part lean toward an increasingly positive type of order, for example, being conversed with and raised or guided/advised in light of offenses or infringement made in school. 3 7. Encounters of viciousness as a rule bring about low confidence, dread, outrage and defenselessness among youngsters. 8. Family foundation and individual conditions, impact of friends and media, absence of mindfulness about childrens rights, dread, powerlessness of power figures to react to cases, and absence of strategies are a portion of the variables refered to as adding to occurrences of savagery in schools. 9. Kids and grown-ups suggest mindfulness raising and limit building exercises for guardians, instructors and youngsters, clear arrangements, ND shared estimates that include all partners including network pioneers as measures to address VIC in schools. Given the over the exploration advances the accompanying suggestions: 1 . Backer for more grounded contribution of the Department of Education in creating and normalizing youngster assurance approaches and systems for schools must be encouraged. 2. Solidification the joint effort of various partners for the insurance of youngsters by setting up clear, working instruments for VIC case announcing and handling just as for school observing. 3. Give sufficient data to nearby government authorities, other network pioneers, school authorities, educators, guardians and kids on applicable laws identifying with youngster misuse and kid assurance. We will compose a custom paper test on Philippines Toward a Child-Friendly Education Environment explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Philippines Toward a Child-Friendly Education Environment explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Philippines Toward a Child-Friendly Education Environment explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Limit building must likewise be given over the distinctive partner gatherings, with the goal that they could encourage the handling of VIC cases and guarantee equity for kids. 4. Authorize nearby enactment at the bombarding and the civil levels, which would additionally help shield youngsters from potential maltreatment and different types of viciousness. 5. Venture up and solidification programs advancing childrens rights in schools and in the networks fashioned battles tending to explicit types of viciousness against kids in schools. 6. Elevate options in contrast to beating by archiving and dispersing cases exhibiting the benefits of positive ways to deal with discipline, and encouraging conversations with the two grown-ups and youngsters in the schools and the more extensive networks. 7. Attempt more top to bottom examinations on VIC in schools. Against Children in schools RESEARCH PROTOCOL for PLAN Area Research 4 l. Presentation A. Foundation of the Study The United Nations World Report on Violence Against Children (2006) is a milestone record in the promotion for childrens human rights. In particular, it examined VIC in the settings where youngsters are most in danger: in the home and family, in schools, in work environments, in care and equity establishments, and in networks. Explicit to brutality in instruction settings, the Report distinguished the event of physical and mental discipline; sexual orientation based savagery and separation; tormenting, battling, physical ambush and packs; crime and genuine physical injury; and weapons in school as infringement of childrens human rights, paying little mind to the quantity of cases or recurrence these were experienced by youngsters in schools. The UN World Report remunerated its center message that No viciousness against kids is reasonable. All savagery against youngsters is preventable (italics provided). The Report likewise suggested making data frameworks, including building up pattern information, on VIC in schools. This suggestion is especially noteworthy in the light of the lack of information on such in the nation. 1 These information would be basic in creating arrangements and projects to address viciousness in schools efficiently. The previous two decades saw gains in expanding mindfulness and building information about savagery against youngsters in this nation. A sum of 1 national enactments were passed identifying with security of childrens rights and government assistance during this period. The vast majority of these relate to kid maltreatment when all is said in done, with two of these authorized enactments refering to explicit types of viciousness against kids in schools. The Anti-Sexual Harassment Law (1996) punishes different types of sexual savagery explicitly in the work place including the instructive condition, while the Initiating Law (1995) addresses the rough inception customs of school-based brotherhoods, sororities and comparable associations. Undoubtedly, the school is one setting where savagery against youngsters happens. The degree and size anyway are to a great extent obscure. There are numerous non-government associations helping youngsters who are casualties of brutality and misuses however the orderly gathering of information is frail. Accessible information at national level is generally restricted uniquely to announced cases from the Legal Department of the Department of Education, the Department of Social Welfare and Development, the PUGH Child Protection Unit, and the Philippine National Police. This information hole was perceived by the Philippine Government in its Response to the UN VIC Study Questionnaire. 5 The Third and Fourth Periodic Report of the Philippine Government to the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2007) referenced the accompanying insights: An expected 500 to 800 instances of youngster misuse were submitted by instructors every year as indicated by the Child Adolescent Psychiatrists of the Philippines Inc. (CAPRI). In 2006, a CAPRI review likewise uncovered that 50 percent of the culprits of youngster maltreatment in schools were instructors, while a modest number included janitors, transport drivers, and other school staff. The UP-Philippine General Hospital (UP-PUGH) Child Protection Unit documentation moreover recognized instructors as culprits in five percent of physical maltreatment ND three percent of the sexual maltreatment cases it took care of. These numbers speak to just a little portion of the genuine instances of savagery against youngsters in schools. It has been perceived that a lot more cases stay unreported because of absence of mindfulness on youngster rights in the network, absence of access to detailing and referral frameworks, or basically, because of dread. The Department of Education administrative arrangements at the degree of expert associations esteem delivering brutality against youngsters in schools as exploitative among instructors. An instructor will not exact whipping on culpable student nor make derivations from their educational rating as a discipline for acts which are unmistakably not signs of poor grant (Article VIII, Section 2, The Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers 1 998) (italics provided) Further the later Depend Service Manual (2000) denies beating as a disciplinary measure (Unit IV, Chapter 3 on School Discipline): 1 . . 1. School authorities and educators will reserve the option to force suitable and sensible disciplinary measures if there should arise an occurrence of minor offenses or infractions Of good control. Anyway no pitiless truly unsafe enmeshment will be forced or applied against any understudy or understudy. The Manual further characterizes and portrays flogging and specifies punishment for infringement, as follows: Suspension/Expulsion The utilization of beating by instructors (slapping, yanking or pushing understudies/understudies about), forcing manual work or debasing assignments as punishment, distributing remorseless or irregular disciplines of any nature, holding up an understudy/understudy to superfluous mocks, the utilization of appellations and articulations expecting to annihilate the students/understudies sense of pride and the perpetual seizure of weapons store property of students. Common society bunches occupied with building the limits of schools to address youngster misuse likewise surfaced instances of brutality done to kids in schools. For example, the Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Sexual Abuse (ASPECTS) revealed 45 instances of sexual and physical savagery from 1997 to 1998 in the schools where they were steering a Personal Safety Curriculum. Six of these were sexual brutality cases including an educator: five of the casualties were male understudies matured 10-13 years of age, while the female casualty was 16 years of age. 22 Yacht and Eng 2001; see additionally UP SST KIDS and Save the Children UK 2003. Inquires about on kid discipline in the school setting give more experiences on the setting of savagery against youngsters in schools. Important in such manner are concentrates on flogging in families and schools embraced by Save the Children-Sweden in the Asia-pacific locale 3, and the examination done by PLAN Philippines 4 that inves tigated the childrens and grown-ups ideas of youngster discipline kid misuse. The two examinations uncovered network acknowledgment of whipping and unforgiving censures as a major aspect of control, and such acknowledgment was recognized as a supporting element for viciousness against youngsters in schools. In November 2007, PLAN Philippines appointed the Philippine School of Social Work (SSW) of the Philippine Womens college to attempt an examination on savagery against kids (VIC) in government funded schools in zones secured by PLAN programs. Entitled, Toward a Child Friendly Education Environment: A Baseline Study on Violence Against Children in Public Schools, the exploration is in accordance with PLANs worldwide cam

Intermediate targets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Transitional targets - Essay Example One of the most cited instances of a backhanded objective is the cash gracefully in an economy. Central bank can't pulverize the old dollars neither one of the its can toss a clump of new ones in the market (practically speaking, the Fed has all the position to print new dollars and increment the cash gracefully straightforwardly however it is in all likelihood and the suspicion here is that it wont do likewise) (Bofinger, Reischle and Schachter, 2001). In this way, so as to increment or lessening the cash gracefully in the market, the procedure is to modify the loan costs of the economy and open market activities of purchasing or selling securities. Low loan costs combined with the Fed’s endeavor to purchase the securities in the market would expand the cash gracefully in the market since individuals would remove their cash from their banks to scan for other venture options, which can make more significant yields. Moreover, the people who recently had securities currently hol d their benefit in a structure fluid structure in this way expanding the general cash gracefully in the market (Solow and Taylor, 1999; Bofinger, Reischle and Schachter, 2001) Unemployment is likewise a moderate objective of money related arrangement. Notwithstanding the way this isn't the objective of money related strategy under all fiscal arrangement yet it is a significant objective for the greater part of them. So as to diminish joblessness, the fiscal arrangement specialists would attempt to diminish the financing costs, which would consequently support the speculation from the side of the overall population. Greater speculation would prompt more openings for work and more openings for work, accordingly, decreasing the general degree of joblessness (Bofinger, Reischle and Schachter, 2001). Besides, with diminishing loan costs, the swelling is probably going to go up which would give a motivating force for the makers to create more and gain more prominent benefits in ostensible terms. This rouses the makers to additionally build the yield and efficiency, which prompts greater business openings (Solow and Taylor, 1999). Swelling Targeting In the greater part of the states and nations where money related strategy exists, one of its ideal objectives is to target expansion and hold the equivalent under the ideal range, by either causing an increment or lessening in it. Since loan fee is the primary device of financial strategy for Central Bank, the opposite relationship of loan fees and swelling rates makes it understood for the overall population that what the Central Bank is attempting to do with the expansion (Walsh, 2003). For instance, if the expansion is over the ideal or focused on level and the Federal Reserve needs to cut it down, the thought is raise the loan fees with the goal that the swelling rates could drop down (Gali, 2008). In this way, as indicated by its definition, expansion focusing on alludes to the procedure utilized the Federal Reserve with which the Fed gauges, plans and set an objective for future swelling and with the assistance of fiscal strategy instruments makes an endeavor to achieve the equivalent. Individuals in the economy additionally become more acquainted with this objective so they could design their reserve funds, wages, wages, and others in line of that future degree of expansion. Practically all the creating and created nations on the planet effectively use expansion focusing since it helps in the smoothing of financial activities in the nation (Bofinger, Reischle and Schachter, 2001). Swelling focusing on, which is being utilized by many developing economies of the world, if effectively tied down, prompts extraordinary advantages. In the first place,

UK Import Export Enterprise - Free Essay Example

UK Import Export Enterprise Introduction Import export trade,in the world economy, undertakes huge importance in the context of overall performance. The indicative of smooth functioning of the world economy is due to an upward trend of import export trade; whereas economic instability results in downward trend. https://www.economywatch.com/international-trade/import-export-trade.html UK Import Export Enterprise is a complete one-stop-shop that provides everything you need from Supplier/buyer identification, Purchasing, contracting and consulting, Shipping, Warehousing, Delivery, freight forwarding, Customs clearance, and transport logistics service and shipment globally, from the all world, we import and export product around the world, from a single door-to-door parcel to container loads and dangerous goods. Our skilled consultants can get as involved as your needs dictate; we can offer a complete Exporters / Importer / Service Providers / Wholesale Suppliers, global freight management consultancy service à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" both import and export or simply provide a multi-modal transport service that gets your goods where you want them, anywhere in the world, in the required time frame. We can also offer you a cargo assembly service second to none. Give yourself more time to concentrate on running and building your business and to get you to your global marke ts. Sea Freight Services sea freight is one of most important departments, it is not missed. Full Container loaded (FCL). Less than contain LCL https://www.exportersindia.com/worldlinkshipping/ Executive Summary The purpose of this business plan is to raise $1, 00,000 for the development of an import and export company while marketing the expected financials and operations over the next year. The UK Import Export Enterprise is a London based corporation that will acquire inventories of in demand domestic products with the intent to distribute them to wholesalers overseas. The business will also import in demand products for distribution to wholesalers within the Domestic market. The Company The UK Import Export Enterprise has a limited number of private investors and does not plan to go public. The company has its main office in London. The facilities include conference rooms and office spaces. The company expects to begin offering its services in this year. The Services UK Import Export Enterprise offers complete import/export brokerage services plus inventory consulting services. As mentioned previously, this includes the following: Supplier/buyer identification, Purchasing, contracting and consulting, Shipping, Warehousing, Delivery, freight forwarding, Customs clearance, and transport logistics service and shipment globally and freight management consultancy service. It must be noted that the UK Import Export Enterprise does not possess any warehousing facilities and intends to outsource this particular service. We expect to earn revenues by charging a commission based on the value of goods moved per order. The primary operations of the business will be the acquisition of in demand goods with the intent to export them to overseas countries. With the US dollar at an all time valuation low, export businesses have thrived as overseas suppliers can purchase substantial inventories at relatively low prices. The businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ secondary revenue stream will come from the importation of in demand foreign products with the intent to distribute them to wholesalers within the United States. As the strength of the dollar improves, we will expand this segment of the business. The third section of the business plan will further describe the services offered by our Import Export Enterprise. Financial Considerations Start-up assets required include expenses and cash needed to support operations until revenues reach an acceptable level. Most of the companys liabilities will come from outside private investors and management investment; however, we have obtained current borrowing from a bank. This business plan assumes that the business will receive a 10 year loan with a 9% fixed interest rate. Mission Statement Our mission is to develop a value oriented international business with mutual benefit to all parties involved. We believe in growing together and practice the principle of fair business in all our dealings. Our philosophy is in creating a long-term relationship with clients that create sustainable growth and profit for our company in the ever changing global marketplace. https://www.psinternational.net/about/ https://www.anaimportexport.com/company.html Sales Forecasts We expect a strong rate of growth at the start of operations. Below are the expected financials over the next three years 1.6 Expansion Plan We expect that the business will aggressively expand during the first three years of operation. We intends to aggressively develop a network of wholesalers and major retailers that will purchase inventories of exported and imported goods both domestically and overseas. 1.2 Keys to Success UK Import Export Enterpriseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ keys to long-term and profitability are as follows: Differentiate our services to our niche clients so that they realize that we are better able to serve their needs than a more generic competitor. Keeping close contact with clients and establishing a well functioning long-term relationship with them to generate repeat business and create a top notch reputation. Establish a comprehensive service experience for our clients that includes consultation, product/client search, purchasing contracts, warehousing, shipping, delivery, and follow up service analysis. Objectives Our focus is on value, cutting out the confusion and delivering to you a straightforward and effective UK importing exporting solutions. Shipping to the UK made simple. Whether you are about to start importing/exporting to the UK for the first time or you have experience of years talk to our friendly professional team for a UK shipping solution tailored to your needs. Fast, reliable and cost effective customs clearance service. Importing/exporting UK customs clearance department experienced with handling shipping whether a one off movement or continual ongoing importing/exporting from UK. Our own UK vehicle network will ensure that the import/export shipping containers are delivered when client want and how they want. We will deliver the shipping containers on conventional trailer chassis, tipper chassis or delivered for safe unloading on to the ground https://www.containerlift.co.uk/importing To seek through innovative ideas by competitive advantage s for our clients, and to help them for the achievement of long-term success and prosperity. Also to provide uncompromising customer satisfaction regardless of the type of product or service offered. Establish our brands all over the world, garnering support and loyalty of our customers. Creating congenial and professional work environment and culture for our employees. Protect the interest of our stakeholders, investors and business counterparts, and maintain transparency in the process of transactions and communication with them. https://www.linkedin.com/company/azoth-import-export-enterprises The Core Values for the guidance to achieve our objectives: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Devotion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Corporate Personal Discipline à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Honesty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Competence

How To Write An Excellent History Paper

1) Come Up With A Clear Argument I love the film Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure and I've seen it more times than I can count. It is about two teenagers on the brink of failing high school, unless they ace their final history exam. The Hollywood twist? The protagonists acquire a time machine that allows them to travel through different eras of history. Throughout the film, Bill and Ted collect famous figures, such as Abraham Lincoln, and together with these historical figures, they're able pass their history final. Unfortunately, time travel is not a viable option for history students. In the real world, we cannot ask President Lincoln about the 13th Amendment, instead, we must read historical works and derive our own analyses and conclusions. I've heard many students complain writing history essays is "too hard," but I'm here to assure you crafting an excellent paper is NOT difficult --- as long as you know how to approach it! I've spent most of my academic career (high school, undergrad, and masters) producing history essays and over the years, I've learned a lot. In this post, I will share a few tips that I've used to generate successful history papers! (If you want to learn all of my tricks, feel free to schedule an appointment with me). 1) Come Up With A Clear Argument The crux of a history essay is establishing an argument and being able to generate a convincing case using reliable published evidence. Let's say you have to answer this question: "Do you think German soldiers were willing participants in the Holocaust? Why or why not? Base your argument on the following two sources: Ordinary Men (Christopher Browning) and Hitler's Willing Executioners (Daniel Jonah Goldhagen)."* That's a complicated question that requires a concise and convincing answer, but do not be dismayed! When starting into an essay, I ask myself, "Why should the reader care about my answer? What will it take to convince them I'm right?" Try to chose an answer that YOU believe in and can support with the available literature. * Disclaimer: I was asked this very question in my 20th Century European History class as a freshman in college, so the examples I provide in this essay are from my own paper. 2) Think About the Structure of Your Paper A superb history paper has a natural flow where one paragraph seamlessly transitions into the next one. You don't want to string random ideas together -- that will be jarring for your reader. It might also lead to confusion. You want your reader to follow your thought process easily. If your reader is left confused because you jump around, they'll be too distracted and not able to digest your argument. For my Browning/Goldhagen essay, my structure was as follows: Introduction Discuss and Analyze Browning's Ordinary Men Discuss and Analyze Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners Compare and discuss a common theme(s) shared in both books and demonstrate how the authors differ in their approach Comment on what argument you agree with and why Conclusion The logic behind my outline was to introduce the subject and then state my position. Before any argument can be made, it is crucial that the reader has a basic understanding of what the sources are saying. For this reason, I provided a brief summary of each author's text/argument. Once this is established, you can proceed to the most important part of the paper: laying out evidence. This is the heart of a history paper because this is where you convince the reader to side with you. This might be the trickiest part of the essay, but if you can use the evidence to support your case and analyze your sources thoroughly, by the time you reach your conclusion, your reader should be agreeing that your argument is correct. 3) Avoid Generalizations and Boring Introductory Sentences The best piece of writing advice I've ever been given and I still swear by is, "make your first sentence eye-catching. Get your reader's attention and make them want to read more." Teachers have to read and grade a lot of essays and that can get tedious after a while, so I encourage you to write something that will perk them up and get their attention! Using our Holocaust example, don't say things like "Everyone knows that the Holocaust was a terrible event" or "Lots of atrocities, including the Holocaust, occurred during World War II." Neither of these statements is wrong, but they're bland and unimaginative because they're obvious. Write an opening statement that carries some punch like this: "The Holocaust, or the forced murder of six million Jews and other minorities, is a dark memory in German history due to its association with intolerance, mass slaughter, and Nazism." See the difference? The latter statement is bold and makes you want to read more. 4) If You Make A Claim, Be Sure To Back It Up! This is the golden rule of a history paper and it relates to your ability to support your main argument. When building your position, you are going to make statements that should leave the reader asking, "ok, prove it" -- and that's exactly what you need to do. Going back to our example, I wrote, "Browning is able to stray from the conventional malicious Nazi image and demonstrates to his readers that not all Germans were cruel." This is a bold statement and to back this claim up, I quoted Browning directly describing how the ordinary soldiers participating in the Holocaust were forced to follow orders from the German High Command, despite disagreeing with these commands. By having concrete information to reference, I was able to substantiate my claim. I cannot stress enough how important this step is in a successful history essay! 5) Don't Use Casual Language and Be Concise The English you use when writing an essay is very different from the English you speak - that's an important distinction to keep in mind. Stay away from contractions, casual remarks, and do not talk to your reader like they are your friend. For example, avoid this kind of an expression: "The Nazis tried to wipe out the Jews." Instead try, "The Nazis attempted to exterminate the Jews." "Wipe out" is too casual and it's boring. "Exterminate" is more dramatic and it sounds more scholastic. When you are writing, you need to be academic and, ideally, you write in the third person. Instead of saying something like, "I believe that..." use phrases like, "this paper will argue..." or "one could infer that..." And finally, be concise! When you write, channel the power of few words. Don't ramble or overcomplicate things by being too wordy/verbose. This will annoy your reader and/or confuse them. 6) Always Provide A Conclusion You always want to provide a concluding paragraph. I know this may seem obvious, but I've seen students make this mistake and it creates an essay with an abrupt ending. Like closing arguments in a court case, your conclusion allows you to reiterate the points you've made in your essay and further emphasize your argument. A good conclusion not only summarizes, but it leaves your reader agreeing with you. Before You Go.... Those are just a few of my tips for writing an excellent history essay. I hope they help you succeed in producing your next assignment! Before I end this, I'll leave you with one final thought. The beauty of history is that there isn't a clear right and wrong answer. History is an ever-evolving field. Whereas in mathematics, there is a specific answer to a question, in history, it's about how well you make your case. Don't worry so much about "is this the right answer?" but rather, focus your energy on, "how do I make this the believable answer?" Are you looking for history tutoring in Boston or New York, or online anywhere in the world? ; Craving more on the topic of history? Read on below: Study Skills: Keys for constructing a high-level history essay Academic Tutoring Tips: The Trick to Preparing for History Brokered Conventions

To What Extent Are the Environmental Impacts of the Global...

To what extent are the environmental impacts of the global increase in demand for oil acceptable? [15 marks] After the industrial revolution, the demand for oil has been increasing globally. Over 100 million tonnes of oil are transported around the world on average a day. There are countries like the US which consume almost one quarter of global oil output, which must be supplied from oil reserves, usually from countries like Saudi Arabia (Guinness, 2011, p. 245). This shows that the topic of oil consumption is a global issue as all countries need oil to develop and provide for their populations. The issue with this large consumption of oil is the fact that oil is a non-renewable source of energy and therefore has a limit. Oil is formed†¦show more content†¦Farmers used to earn 150000 dollars a year but this has dropped to 5000 dollars, showing the extent of the impact of the loss of herring (BBC News, 2010, para. 9). A weaker economy results in economical problems within the area and a change in employment structure as children of these fisherman can no longer have the opportunity to be a herring farmer. Economic problems can also result in social problems such as domestic violence, alcohol abuse, suicides and divorces, mainly due to massive unemployment. This example shows that the environmental impacts can have their own impacts, which again questions whether the extraction of oil is worth all these consequences. After 21 years, 20000 gallons of oil still remain on the beaches of Prince William Sound (BBC News, 2010, para. 30). Therefore, the clean up hasn’t been very effective. It’s also worth pointing out that maybe all the environmental impacts still haven’t been determined, for example the soil and vegetation could also have been affected by the oil spill as the oil may have seeped through the sand of the beaches. This would affect the growth of vegetation drastically. People don’t know enough to predict how long the effects are going to last as they can range from years to centuries. One wonders how long countries can continue to extract and consume oil when they still don’t fully know the extent of the environmental effects of oil spills andShow MoreRelatedStrategic Management of Royal Dutch Shell3869 Words   |  16 PagesStrategic Management of Royal Dutch Shell Royal Dutch Shell, more commonly referred to as just Shell is one of the global giants in the oil and gas business industry. Its operations involve not only exploration and production but also distribution and marketing, refining, power generation and petrochemicals. The companys registered office exists in London, United Kingdom with its primarily listed on the London Stock Exchange (and is a constituent of FTSE 100 index) while its headquarters andRead MoreScin140 Amu Quiz 1 Essay2304 Words   |  10 Pagespeople are unable to meet their basic needs for food, clothing, shelter, education, or health. A.1 only B.2 only C.3 only Correct D.Both 1 and 3 apply as descriptions of poverty. Answer Key: D Feedback: Section 1.1 Human Impacts on the Environment Question 2 of 25 4.0/ 4.0 Points Which of the following describes a highly developed country? A.Countries with complex industrialized bases such as Mexico and Thailand. Correct B.Countries with low rates of populationRead MoreBmw Strategic Report2667 Words   |  11 Pagescompetitive advantage and powerful presence in the market. We will discuss the impact of key factors that affected the company’s automobile industry by using appropriate strategy frameworks and SFA analysis. BMW Group is one of the leading car manufacturers worldwide, including other operations such as motorcycles, software products and financial services. BMW Group’s new business strategy is to strengthen its position within the global automobile industry market by increasing sales to more than two millionRead MoreHuman Caused Environmental Impacts On Beijing1783 Words   |  8 PagesThe analysis of human-caused environmental impacts in Beijing â€Å"Beijing lie between longitudes 115 °25†²E and 117 °30†²E and between latitude 39 °26†²N and 41 °03†²N in North China. Specifically, Beijing is located at the eastern edge of the Eurasian continent and belongs to the Bohai sea rim economic circle, with small plain in the south and mountains in the west and north, covering an area of 16,807.8 km2. The city’s climate is a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate.† (Gengyuan Liu et.al., 2011)Read MoreBp Sustainability Essay28986 Words   |  116 PagesA letter from our group chief executive / 4 How BP is changing 6 Gulf of Mexico oil spill / 14 How we operate / 22 Energy future 30 Safety / 34 Environment / 38 Society Within hours of the Deepwater Horizon accident, BP teams were working to stop the leak. We also acted to minimize the spill’s impact on the environment by containing, removing and dispersing oil offshore, protecting the shoreline and cleaning up oil that came ashore. And we worked with wildlife groups to develop rescue and rehabilitationRead MoreEnvironmental Impact Assessment For Trinidad And Tobago9855 Words   |  40 PagesBefore one delves into the discussion about environmental impact assessment for a specific industry in Trinidad and Tobago, there needs to be a general introduction to Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago is a twin island republic of 5,128 km2, a mere 7 miles off the coast of Venezuela, South America. With a land mass slightly smaller than the State of Delaware in the United States, its present population of approximately 1.3 million has a literacy rate of 99 percent principally in English asRead MoreReport on Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr): Five-Star Hotels2574 Words   |  11 Pagesinformed by quality; price and convenience but there had been a big change towards responsibly produced commodities. For example the demand in all of Europe for fair trade goods had raised from 51% in 2008 to almost 79% in 2012, consumer awareness for ethically produced commodities has also substantially risen. (Goff, 2012). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and its extent has always been a practice usually dictated by the owner or the major stakeholders but in today’s world of infinite connectivityRead MoreUncontrollable Environment Affecting Organizations, Affecting International Logistic Activities2001 Words   |  9 Pagesaffecting international logistic activities Uncontrollable environment is one major condition which is unpredictable and uncertain. Regardless of what it might be, an uncontrollable environment will negatively affect any organization effort, no matter which function it is and perhaps the objectivities and strategies of the business. Today, business is a global market. In one way or another, we are all closely connected. The logistics systems have had the result of shrinking the world, allowing competitiveRead MoreEnvironment: Energy Development and Environmental Problems11602 Words   |  47 PagesIndustries (MNCs, TNCs) | Cause | Historically, rich nations are primary contributors to global warming due to past industrial activity.Per capita consumption patterns are highest in the developed world. | Currently, some of the developing nations who are the larger contributors to global warming.In the future, it is the current rapidly developing nations that will be the primary contributors to global warming. | --While it may appear that some of the developing nations are greater contributorsRead MoreCapital Ventures : Opportunities For Renewable Energy Investment10254 Words   |  42 Pagesof literature and a survey of 31 VC and renewable energy employees, the study observes that the major opportunity for VC firms in the renewable energy sector is the unsustainability of fossil and nuclear energy sources as well as concerns over the impact on the environment. Furthermore, regulations in China and other major economies are in favour of the development and use of renewable energy. This means that there i s a ready market for renewable energy products. VC firms can capitalise on this opportunity

Research Paper on Biology

Research Paper on Biology One of the least certain elements of the nature is a plant. What are the effects of the human intervention in the vegetation of the particular areas? How can the humanity reduce negative impact on nature, not affecting the technological progress? These questions are widely discussed in scientific literature and practical studies performed in biological field. There are no recent researches, however, done specifically to analyse the affect of global warming on the vegetation of the radical regions of Brazil. It was decided to focus on the Pantanal region and evaluate the affect of the recent climate changes on the production of beef and soy that are the main products of the region. Our primary research question is formulated as follows: What are the effects of the recent climate changes on the meat and soy production in the region? Based on the nature of the questions and taking into consideration the fact that a lot of studies have analysed the changes, one of the main research methodologies is observational analysis and literature review. After examination of previous works and analysis of the region, made by the scientists on the vegetation of Pantanal region in Brazil, we have compared the observations with our latest findings to identify the difference and shift in the trends. The research showed the following findings: During the last three years dry and rain seasons in the region experienced radical temperatures. Temperature reached record level for the last twenty years in the January 2010. Regional export of meat reduced by 12% during the last two years due to the climate changes. Soy production is reducing by 8% on annual basis as a result of the extreme temperatures during dry season. The objective of the research paper is to raise the concern on the human intervention in the nature climate processes and possible consequences in the nearest future.

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 914 Words

Dreamy I thought. Standing on the corner is a young guy with a smile. I see him here almost every day, so I linger for a while. He tells me his name, and I tell him mine. I m Ester, what s your name? I enquired. My names David .,He replied. We end up talking for a while and I asked him if he had ever left this city. He tells me of all these stories of the places where he s been, the distant lakes and mountains, and in valleys oh so green. I can see it in his eyes, he really has been there, travelled in those distant lands, seen sights beyond compare. I am so honoured just to get to know him, and hear him tell his tales. He makes me laugh and smile, stuff I have never been able to do. I want to go and see the world through†¦show more content†¦I m sure it is because my hearts racing quicker than a train or because my hands are sweatier that the pacific ocean. I felt like a jigsaw puzzle in my heart was complete, but whether this is good or bad I do not know, but honestly , I don t care, I was off to find me and who I think is him, off to find our souls waiting for us to find them. All of a sudden, I saw a dark figure in front of me for about five seconds, but it quickly vanished. I told David but, he didn t believe me and thought I was seeing things. I saw it again, but this time it had increased to twice it is size. My eyes flicker back and forth. Every slight movement or wind caused me to jump. My hand unconsciously clenched into a tight fist. I started to uncontrollably breathe heavily. My mouth was dry and I was unable to swallow. I couldn t make out whether it was a person, animal or shadow. I was so confused and when the figure started to come closer, I was about to scream, but just before I could, he held my mouth and whispered to me, I m here and as long as I am here, you are safe. I took a deep breath and stayed quiet and still. My heart was racing. It was coming closer to me inch by inch. Closer and closer. David, I m scared . He turned me around, pulled my shirt s sleeve up and took something sharp out of his pocket. He held the sharp object up and then slashed it through the middle of my

The Story of Worship Essay - 6487 Words

LIBERTY UNIVERSITY LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY â€Å" THE STORY OF WORSHIP† SUBMITTED TO DR. LAVON L. GRAY IN PARTIAL FULFULLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COURSE WORSHIP 510 BY TERESA L. DAVIDSON ELY, IOWA March 13, 2013 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 I.) OLD TESTAMENT PRINCIPLES FOR WORSHIP Creation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Three Worship Wars†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Patriarchs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Books of History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 Three Kings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 II.) NEW TESTAMENT PRINCIPLES FOR WORSHIP Christ’s example†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 The Early Church†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14 Revelation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...15 III.) PRINCIPLES LEARNED ABOUT WORSHIP FROM THE PSALMS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.16†¦show more content†¦I personally have to ask for His forgiveness for my pride and selfishness daily. I have to submit to His authority when my friends wrong me and I want to hold a grudge. This attitude negatively affects our relationship with God, which then affects our worship. Only in total submission to His authority and sovereignty can we worship as He created us to. In the second worship war, Satan tricked Eve into thinking â€Å"worship is all about how you feel.† While worship is a response to how we feel about God, and can generate feelings of intense closeness to Him, â€Å"how we feel† during our worship experience should not be the lone barometer on how it’s judged. If we only judge worship by how it makes us feel, we will be judgmental of the ways other s prefer to worship. We also won’t focus on the right things in worship†¦giving God praise and glory. It’s not about us, it’s about Him. True worship should not be measured by things such as atmosphere, raising hands, applause, congregational readings, etc., but by the believer’s heartfelt response to God. The transformation of the believer’s life is a true measurement of authentic worship. He/she has been in the presence of God and therefore forever changed! God provides us with several important lessons on worship through the third worship war in the story of Cain and Abel. While God accepted Abel’s sacrifice of an animal, Cain’s sacrifice of fruit was not accepted.Show MoreRelatedA Reflection On My Spirit Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pagesthe act of worship lightly and getting too comfortable. Likewise, the Holy Spirit persuaded me to consider the reason we gather for worship and whether we are telling God’s story. I bega n this doctoral journey under the assumption that I knew a great deal about worship. Coming from a Latino church where God’s presence is distinct throughout our worship experience, I pondered worship renewal was not necessary. â€Å"Oh foolish me,† is what I thought after being confronted by the fact that worship trends,Read MoreThe Revelation Of The God Self Essay1397 Words   |  6 Pagesdisclosure that inspires and serves as the starting point for Christian worship. God initiates worship through the revelation of God’s salvific events for humanity, and we respond in awe, humility, and gratitude while ascribing honor and worth to the one and true God while living out a covenantal relationship of love and obedience with the Holy One. Dr. Ralph P. Martin mentions that in our contemporary setting of the worship experience â€Å"most worshipers anticipate that their church services will liftRead MoreBlended Worship By Robert Webber966 Words   |  4 PagesBlended Worship Defined Most church members have a misperception of what blended worship truly is. Because of the â€Å"worship wars† of the past two decades, the typical church member thinks blended worship is a service that uses both â€Å"contemporary† and â€Å"traditional† worship music. While this may be one aspect of blended worship, it fails to capture its full meaning. Robert Webber states that the distinguishing features of blended worship â€Å"can be arranged under three headings – content, structureRead MoreWorship Is Our Response By The Things We Live1329 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Worship is†¦ our response, both personal and corporate, to God – for who He is! And what He has done! Expressed in and by the things we say and the way we live.† There are many definitions of worship out there. I have found that this one seems to best fit my heart when praying through the topic of worship. Worship is something that begins in the heart, privately, and then flows out during times of public and corporate gathering. Worship however, is something far deeper than music, dance, art, orRead MoreChristian Theology Vs. Theatre1721 Words   |  7 Pages As a minister, worship leader, and actor, I’ve constantly had to balance these roles. Either in a church environment or in a theatrical environment. Christian theology and theatre have never intersected for me. I’ve always kept each role separate in its own category. I felt each role was different enough that they would never cross over into each other’s world. Or maybe, they have crossed over and I just did not realize the connection. I never thought that the roles had any similarities.Read MoreThe Mystical State Is Not Easily Achieved1241 Words   |  5 PagesIn the story â€Å"The Willows,† however, the mystical state is achieved without purpose and without a want. This story provides many moments in which the characters experience the mystical state. In the story, â€Å"The Willows,† the narrator experiences a sighting of huge un-human figures which results in awe and worship from the narrator. Also in the story, â€Å"The Willows,† the narrator and his companion hear a gong like sound all throughout the island which results in fear and knowledge. The story â€Å"The WillowsRead MoreThe Spiritual Discipline Of Worship1186 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The spiritual discipline that I have chosen is worship. When I think of the term ‘worship’ my initial response is singing to God but throughout this course I have learnt that although singing is one important aspect of worship, that it is so much more than just that. Worship is to â€Å"honour and adore the Trinity as the supreme treasure of life.† Worship is offering your whole self to God. Worship is a choice and a way of life. Summarise your original understanding of the disciplineRead MoreThe Creation Myths Of Enuma Elish And The Spider Woman1564 Words   |  7 PagesOne shared ritual all cultures participated in were the telling of stories. Stories taught us how to live and how not to live. These life lessons were passed down over again from generation to generation. Also, they were considered acceptable rules in each unique society. The most common types of religious stories that were told all around the world were called â€Å"Creation Myths†. These stories explain how the world, mankind, animals, and plants came into existence. Every human culture produces uniqueRead MoreIs The Principal Over All Things And Is?1418 Words   |  6 Pagesprotection, and ready supply. It is no wonder that David praised the Lord! Therefore, let’s worship Him in spirit and in truth because God is worthy of it. The first characteristic of a worshipper is: a worshipper will love God. The second is, a worshipp er will trust God, and the last characteristic of a worshipper is†¦ IV. A worshipper will reverence God (Psalm 18:3) A.) God is worthy to be praised Worship as described in the New Illustrated Webster s Dictionary as â€Å"the act or feeling of adorationRead MoreEssay about Creation Stories1222 Words   |  5 PagesCreation Stories   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Where do we come from? The creation of the world has for centuries been told through many different stories, in different languages, and from a variety of religions across the world. The founders of each religion developed every creation story, and as religions vary greatly in beliefs, so do their stories of how the world and mankind were created. Although many of these creation stories differ, they have a close mystical and spiritual bind that brings people together

A Study on the Influence of No Approved Therapeutic Claims free essay sample

Rosanni Recreo Sarile Chair, Communication Arts Department Emmanuel F. Calairo, PhD Dean, College of Liberal Arts Abstract De La Salle University- Dasmarinas Dasmarinas, Cavite Title: Influence of No Approved Therapeutic Claims in Dietary Supplements on the Buying Behavior of the Customers of Mercury Drug Branches in Dasmarinas, Cavite. Authors: Cervantes, April E. Vergara, Anna Lou C. , Vidamo, Margielyn L. Degree: AB Communication Date started: February 1 1, 2010 Objectives of the Study Statement of the Problem General Problem Statement: To determine the influence of No Approved Therapeutic Claims in dietary supplements on the buying behavior of the customers of Mercury Drug branches in Specific Problem Statements: Dasmarihas, Cavite. 1 . What is the level of awareness of the customers of Mercury Drug branches in Dasmarihas, Cavite to No Approved Therapeutic Claims? 2. How well do the customers of Mercury Drug branches in Dasmarihas, Cavite understand he No Approved Therapeutic Claims? 3. How does No Approved Therapeutic Claims affect the buying decision of the customers of Mercury Drug branches in Dasmarinas, Cavite in terms of their: 3. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study on the Influence of No Approved Therapeutic Claims or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page a Buying with conviction, 3. b Buying with hesitation, 3. c Postponement in buying, and 3. d Not buying at all? 4. How frequent do the customers of Mercury Drug branches in Dasmarinas, Cavite buy dietary supplements? Scope and Coverage This study focused on the influence of No Approved Therapeutic Claims in dietary Dasmarinas, Cavite. The respondents of the study were restricted to the customers of Mercury Drug branches located only in Dasmarihas, Cavite. It did not include other consumers buying from other pharmacies or drug stores situated in Dasmarihas, Cavite. The study only focused on dietary supplements and not on the other types of supplements in the market. It concentrated only on the buying behavior of the customers of Mercury Drug branches in Dasmarinas, Cavite. It did not concern the other types of behavior and the effect of dietary supplements to the respondents health. The study centred only on the packaging of dietary supplements that has the disclaimer No Approved Therapeutic Claims. Methodology The researchers used descriptive research to obtain information related to the study. It used survey questionnaire as an instrument to get information needed in the study. The researchers conducted and distributed surveys questionnaires using 100 Statistical Boundary as a sampling technique to the customers of different Mercury Drug Branches in Dasmarinas, Cavite_34 respondents in Robinsons Pala- Pala Branch, 33 respondents in Dasmarinas Aguinaldo Highway Branch, and 33 respondents Paliparan, Dasmarihas Branch. The researchers used the Percentage Distribution formula to determine the data of the survey: The formula for he computation of percentage distribution is [pic] The second formula helped in determining the mean of the data. That is the weighted mean. [pic] With the aid of a statistician, the researchers got the results of the survey of the study. From the results, the proponents based the conclusion of the study. Major Findings Based on the result of the survey, it shows that most of the respondents are aware of No Approved Therapeutic Claims. They understand its meaning and it also affects their decision of buying dietary supplements. Therefore, they agree that they are hesitant to buy dietary supplements. Their opinion is neutral when asked about their determination to buy dietary supplements. They agreed that No Approved Therapeutic Claims has an effect to their buying decision. For the topic, frequency of buying dietary supplements, most of the respondents answered that they do not buy dietary supplements followed by they buy it once a month. Conclusion: 1 . No Approved Therapeutic Claims has an influence on the buying behavior because most of the customers are aware of the disclaimer and they understand its 2. They also agreed that it affects their buying decision. It was found out meaning. hat the customers conviction to buy is only on neutral. They agreed that they are hesitant to buy dietary supplements with the disclaimer. They also agreed that they postpone buying dietary supplements and a great percentage agreed that they do not buy at all after seeing the disclaimer. 3. Moreover, most of the customers do not buy dietary supplements. Recommendations: 1 . This study should be used as a source of information for Advertising and Marketing students because of the data presented are related to the course. . Future researchers can include different media tools as they are usually used in dvertising and it is also important to have the profile of the respondents to know its relation to the influence of the disclaimer No Approved Therapeutic Claims. 3. Advertising agencies must have strategies to convince the customers to buy the products since, disclaimer influences the buying behavior of t he customers. List of Figures: 1. Figure 1. The conceptual Paradigm of the Study 2. Table 1 . The awareness of No Approved Therapeutic Claims indicated on the dietary supplements 3. Table 2.

Problems of Living in a Hostel free essay sample

Hostel life has a charm of its own. You may come out the familiar surroundings of your dear ones and enter a new world of strangers, who are experiencing the same dilemmas as you. However some basic etiquettes can make the hostel life a memorable experience although they are creating problems anyway. The first dilemma I faced when I entered the hostel was to share my room with a new girl. I never used to share my room at home with anyone and found this change quite difficult. My roommate on the other hand was hailed from a joint family and never tried to keep a private environment in the room. Things got really worse since we had different lifestyle. My routine had trained me to sleep early at night and to wake up early in the morning. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems of Living in a Hostel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My roommate on the other hand was a late night bird and never used to leave her bed in the morning. We started to agree upon one factor that our sleep gets disturbed because of the other one. There were more things to make me worried in the hostel life. At many mornings I woke up to find dirtied toilets. The ongoing notices about the toilet etiquette went unnoticed by those who did the mischief. Those who clinged to cleanliness had collapsed into misery whenever they had to see littered papers, food items and hair. In addition to that, some of the pet animals started to raise a serious concerns about the hostel hygiene. Money also became a villain to hinder so many relationships in the hostel life. I soon learnt that there are some parasites who pride themselves to depend on others. Complaints started to raise of unreturned money and at times about theft. In addition to these, the hostel life also presented some terrific nights with robbers and first hand description of ghost experiences. The last thing that I am going to explain about my problems of living in a hostel is the food. My college canteen was an exceptional one in offering some of the most delicious food items. I often longed for the homely food and often starved when the plain food has been served at my college canteen. This brings out a drastic change for many of my friends who had the bliss to enjoy the desirable food at any time we want. Moreover hostel life served as a background to groom us for the real life. Many of the hurdles that I faced in the initial stages of hostel life, I started to feel the life heavenly at one stage.

Macroeconomics Essay Example

Macroeconomics Essay Macroeconomics Name: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Macroeconomics The United States federal government strives to improvise and provide economic policies that are beneficial for the growth of a healthy American economy. An economic policy that proves to be advantageous to one segment in the society can prove to be injurious on another segment. This can be illustrated by the relationship encompassing policies for unemployment and inflation. For instance, increasing interest rates in order to decrease inflation in an economy augments difficulty for businesses to obtain capital for expansion purposes. Such purposes enable the business to employ more workers. Thus by increasing the interest rates, unemployment will increase. Lowering the interest rates creates inflation due to increased spending. This, in turn, devalues employees’ salaries because of the rise in prices. In order to affect the economy positively, it is valid to create efficient economic policies. Part 1 To preserve a sturdy economy, there are policy goals that require to be adhered. These policy goals include stable prices, economic growth and full employment. Regarding stable prices, the economy should be characterized by an optimal level of prices for goods and services. However, most economies have experienced a shift in the stability of prices. The most common shift of prices is inflation. This is when the prices for products and services rise sharply further reducing the value for money. This causes an increase in costs of goods. Economic growth is indicated by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The GDP is the value of the total output of products and services in the country in dollars. A flourishing economy can possess a GDP growth rate of 4 percent. Full employment cannot be achieved since there are various reasons that arise to unemployment that cannot be controlled. However, an unemployment rate of 4 percent is less is denoted as full employment (Carlberg, 2008). Hence, it is understandable why the federal government maintains its GDP at 3 percent. In the case involving the country being in a stage of high unemployment, zero interest rates, inflation at 2 percent per annum and a GDP of less than 2 percent, it is necessary to incorporate economic policies that will maintain the country in a thriving state. These policies involve the fiscal policy and the monetary policy. Fiscal policy involves the utilization of taxation and government expenditure to change the economy. Hence, the main tools used in invoking fiscal policies in the economy are expenditure and taxation (Kopcke, Tootell Triest, 2006). Monetary policy involves the control of money supply in the economy. This duty is usually performed by monetary authorities such as the Federal Reserve. This policy usually involves promotion of escalation and stability of an economy by targeting interest rates (Fender, 2012). In such an illustrated economic environment characterized by zero interest rates and a marginal of less than 2 percent GDP growth, it is a requirement to implement fiscal and monetary policies that will stimulate economic growth. Therefore, as president, I would recommend the use of fiscal policies. In this case, the fiscal policies will be used to reduce taxes imposed on small and medium enterprises, as well as households. This is because they are the main drive for the economy. This can be further indicated by the fact that the small and medium enterprises avail more employment than large and multinational companies. Hence, there will be an increase in employment, which will lead to a reduced multiplier effect due to increased income circulation among employees (Kopcke, Tootell Triest, 2006). Moreover, I will introduce tax rebates and inducements to the large corporations that are in partnership with the businesses. This move will increase confidence among consumers and amplify ag gregate expenditures within the private sector. As the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, I would employ efficient monetary policies specifically targeting the interest rates. This is because interest rates affect the productivity of the economy since they define unemployment. Additionally, an expansionary monetary policy can be used to lower interest rates in order to avail credit to businesses hence increase employment. Thus by maintaining a zero percent interest rate, people would be able to obtain credit for growth of businesses. The increased employment in turn increases the GDP rate because Okun’s Law states that, for every decrease in unemployment, the GDP increases thrice. Moreover, I would lower rates for the acquisition of funds from the Federal Reserve (Sexton, 2002). This strategy will encourage the banks to borrow finances from the federal banks. Moreover, the action will enable the banks to possess and avail more liquid cash for enterprises and private loans for the unemployed and underemployed. The positive effects of these actions revolve around the effects of the policies on consumption. This is because by using the fiscal policies to reduce tax rates; there will be an increase in the purchasing power since there will be an increase in small and medium enterprises, which will have an increased demand for money. This, in turn, will increase consumption. Moreover, the increased consumption of goods and services will increase the supply of money in the economy. Additionally, an increase in businesses avails more employment thus lowering the unemployment rate in the economy in the short run (Carlberg, 2008). Moreover, the positive effects of such policies will lead to the relocation of revenues to the private sector from the government. This is attributed to the low rates of income taxes. This is because of the reduction of taxes on households and small businesses. Hence, the fiscal policy adapted will establish control of revenues by the private sector, which have better man agement of funds, and revenues when compared to the private sector. The negative effects of the policies are based on the effect of the actions on the amount of revenue the government will receive. Indeed, there will be reduced revenue for the government. This is attributed by revenue transfer from the public to the private sector. Moreover, the government is heavily dependent on the revenue received from taxation. Therefore, the reduction in taxes accorded to small enterprises will decrease the revenue the government receives from taxation of the businesses. Furthermore, the decrease in income taxes also lowers revenue taxed on employees. The increase in unemployment in the end will be a negative effect on the government. This is because the decrease in the rate of employment will lead to increased money circulation, which will eventually lead to an increase in spending. The increase in spending will lead to inflation. According to the Philips Curve, the lower the unemployment rate of an economy, the faster the payment of labor wages in the economy (Carlberg, 2008). This eventually leads to inflation since demand for products and services overlaps the supply causing producers to increase the prices to restrict the purchase which increase the costs of production. The trade off resulting from the employment of the specific policies in contrast with other monetary and fiscal policies is the amount of time taken for implementation. This is because such policies will take longer time to implement. The reason for this is attributed to the novelty of such measures as compared to the commonly used policies the federal government implements. Despite the delay in the implementation of such measures, in the economy, it is important to recognize the positive effect of the measures since they will lead to the lowering of the unemployment rate, the increase in the rate of GDP, the increase in income circulation in the economy attributed to increased businesses and purchasing power and ease of credit access for potential borrowers. Moreover, since inflation is low, households will experience minimal difficulty utilizing their wealth to purchase products and services. It will probably take a considerable amount of time to gain an increase in spending and a decrease in unemployment. Part 2 The debt to GDP ratio indicates an economy’s health. It refers to the measure of the federal debt of the country in relation with the gross domestic product of the country. The comparison between the country’s debts to what the country produces reveals the country’s ability to repay the debt. The economic indicator gives a notion of the country’s ability to create future payments on what it owes. If the country were not able to repay the debt, then it would default leading to pandemonium in the household and international markets. A low debt to GDP ratio portrays large production of products and services as well as significant profits by an economy. This indicates that such an economy is able enough to repay its debts. Governments particularly aim for low debt to GDP ratios and have the ability to support themselves against risks involved by increasing debt since their economies possess a high GDP and profit margin. The inverse, a high debt to GDP ratio in dicates portrays low production and a low profit margin, which indicates the inability of the economy to repay debt and default (Frumkin, 2006). If the country has a budget deficit and carries a large debt, then it signifies that the country possesses a high debt to GDP ratio. The negative effect of a high debt to GDP ratio relies on the impact of fiscal policies in the economy. This is because an increase in the ratio is determined by government spending. The impact associated with a higher debt to GDP ratio can also be related to the impact of monetary policies in the economy. This is mainly because a high debt to GDCP ratio has a considerable impact on the interest rates. Therefore, the implications of a high debt to GDP ratio involve interest rate repercussions, increases in tax and enhanced cuts on spending (Frumkin, 2006). Regarding interest rates, the ratio will increase the interest rates of treasury bonds and indicate a higher risk. Regarding tax increases, the government will be required to increase taxes and reduce spending in order to gather finances to repay the debts. To expound further on the ratio’s impact on the interest rates, the rates replicate risk in the treasury bonds. Therefore, the higher the debt to GDP ratio, the higher the risk rate of the bonds (Frumkin, 2006). Consequently, if the Treasury bond possesses a risk rate that is high, then the government has the mandate to offer bondholders additional interest in order to receive more finances. Hence, countries with a high debt to GDP ratio are considered to possess default risk. Therefore, such countries cannot borrow cheap finances from bondholders. A high debt to GDP ratio will also increase the susceptibility of increase in taxes and cuts on spending. This is because the country with a high debt to GDP ratio bears high debt and thus will be obligated to reduce the deficit at a point. A national default can prove disastrous for the economy hence raising taxes and lowering expenditure are the common methods used to lower the ratio and fill up the budget deficit. Another impact that a high debt to GDP ratio will have on the economy is the disequilibrium of the macro economy. The equilibrium of the economy is usually attributed to the balance between aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Aggregate demand refers to the total demand for products and services at a given period and price. Aggregate supply refers to the total supply of products and services that companies plan to sell in a given period. Disequilibrium arises whereby a higher debt to GDP ratio leads to the decrease in the rate of production caused by the increase in interest rates and reduced purchasing. Additionally, low production will cause a subsequent decrease in products and services in the economy and thus lead to decreased demand. This causes macroeconomic disequilibrium in the short run (Wickens, 2008). However, in the long run aggregate demand and aggregate supply will intersect because of the decrease in production leading to low supply that will eventually lead to an in crease in prices and a decrease in demand. A high debt to GDP ratio will also lead to the redundancy of government employees and workers. This is because the government seeking to close up its budget deficit will require lowering the amount of wages it avails to its employees by laying them off. This shall lead to an increase in the unemployment rate in the economy. This can affect the business cycles of the economy and increase the fluctuations because an economy operating at high unemployment will reduce the economy from reaching short run equilibrium. In most cases, a cycle such as the debt cycle shifts credit expansion to credit contraction hence lowering the economic growth of the country resulting from decrease in private credit and an increase in recession. Therefore, by laying off workers, the government will decrease the multiplier effect on the economy since there will be no injection of new demand in the economy (Knoop, 2004). The effect of the ratio on the proposals will have an effect on the fiscal polices proposed. This is because there will be an increase in the rates of tax on income. By increasing the tax rates as a method of fiscal policy, the small enterprises and households will not be able to acquire funding from banks since the tax rates will also affect the banks, which will in turn increase their lending rates resulting from the federal banks’ directive. This will lead to unemployment because the enterprises will either lay off their workers or retain the ones they have without considering employment of other workers. The monetary policies employed will also be affected because of the high risk of interest rates on the treasury bonds. Since the government will seek to raise extensive finance to allow for the purchase of bonds, it will have to lower its expenditure in order to cater for the financing of high interest rates for the bondholders. This leads to underdevelopment of the econom y resulting from the under financing of public amenities such as infrastructure that are important for the development of the economy in terms of increase in GDP. It is important for an economy to analyze its policies efficiently and adequately to determine if they are probable enough for the development of the country. Such policies if reviewed clearly can guide a country to economic prosperity since they will be created based on achieving increased value in economic indicators such as the GDP. Moreover, the policies can aid the country in focusing on financial forecasting, which can enable it determine inflation and deflation rates and how to mitigate such unsystematic risks. References Carlberg, M. (2008). Inflation and unemployment in a monetary union. Berlin, Germany: Springer. Fender, J. (2012). Monetary policy. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Frumkin, N. (2006). Guide to economic indicators. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. Knoop, T. A. (2004). Recessions and depressions: Understanding business cycles. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. Kopcke, R. W., Tootell, G. M. B., Triest, R. K. (2006). The macroeconomics of fiscal policy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Sexton, R. L. (2002). Exploring economics. Mason, Ohio: South-Western/Thomson Learning. Wickens, M. (2008). Macroeconomic theory: A dynamic general equilibrium approach. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Macroeconomics Essay Example Macroeconomics Essay Chapter 11 of Wholly Macro starts off by explaining the different cases of insufficient demand. The writer starts off by explaining that aggregate demand (APE) may drop because of three reasons; less household expenditure, less government purchase of domestic produce and reduction in demand of U.S products outside. Next the writer explains how recession is caused by demand. When the APE decreases and becomes less than the GDP, there is excess produce. This means supply or ASF is now more and hence funding goes towards financing the excess produce. This funding will always be equal to the supply and hence, no price adjustment is requires. This situation will ultimately force producers to reduce the people employed as well as the output. This move will again increase ASF and reduce the GDP and APE and will then affect the interest rate as well which will decrease. All this will make the three components (i.e. APE, GDP and the ASF) equal but on the other hand will generate negative economic profit. Once the prices rise and eliminate the negative profit, the prices will then become stable until the next shock change. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The writer then moves on to the second cause of recession. When the ASF will fall it will cause the M x V to fall as well. This could be due to a fall in V, M or both. If the above 3 components are equal and then ASF falls, this means buyers are now short of funds and will resort to credit funding, to meet current demand. This will then cause the ASF to rise. ASF and interest rates will continue rising until ASF= APE. With demand now less than the produce, producers will need funding for excess. This will give rise to increase in ASF and interest rates until ASF equals the GDP. However, interest rates have kept on rising, and this will cause APE to become lower than the GDP. The same effects of unemployment, price adjustment etc will take effect and ultimately all three components will become equal, resulting in less employment and output, high interest rate and unchanged price. Next the writer explains how cost-push inflation causes recession. When the cost of production rises, the firms pass it on to their customers by reducing output and employment and increasing prices. Rise in prices will decrease the ASF and a fall in employment and output will reduce the GDP as a whole. As a result the demand (APE) will fall as well. During this time interest rates will start increasing causing APE to fall so that ASF and GDP can become equal. All companies cannot bear the rise in cost and some will exit the market causing equal increase in cost and prices until the cost and price are equal. This means there is no more negative profit. Now there is no need of reducing employment and output. Hence there will be no decrease causing ASF, GDP and APE to become equal. Ultimately the employment is now stable at a lower level and so is the output. Prices too are stable, but at a higher level. In other words, inflation has hit the economy. Lastly the writer says that, another problem is the growth problem. This problem occurs when GDP increases due to increased production capacity, But APE increase less than it (i.e. there is insufficient demand). The second part of the problem is funding problems. When GDP rises it does not increase the ASF (funding), however, it does increase the need of funding. APE will rise, but there is no increase in ASF, hence, credit funding will come into play. Now ASF will rise. But with this, interest rates have increased and some demand is lost. Now ASF and interest rate will rise until they equal GDP while APE will fall and continue to fall below original level of GDP. With less demand, prices will fall, some firms, not being able to bear this, will leave due to negative profit. Their leaving will reduce output and prices will rise up again to same level as before and ultimately all GDP growth will come to nothing. No demand means, cut it production and this means all the money invested i n expansion is a waste and expansion has to stop. GDP levels can no longer be maintained and the economy will go into recession. MONETARY POLICY In Chapter 12 the writer has focused on how people can manipulate the levels of employment, GDP etc by use of monetary policy. In the U.S, this is the work of the Federal Reserve System, which is independent but under authority by the Congress. The Fed’s have a number of banks under them, though owned privately. The Fed’s functions range from, regulating the money supply, to generating revenue as well as being the bank of the Federal government. The writer, then explains how monetary policy influences employment, interest rates etc. Using their policy tools the Fed’s influence the money supply and interest rates. This change in money supply causes a change in the ASF. Once the ASF is affected it alters employment, interest rate and output. In other words, change in money supply will cause all the changes and this is in the hands of the Fed’s. The writer now goes on to link the Fed’s control variables to the magnitude of money supply. By combining the formulas for money supply (M), total reserves of banks (R), monetary base (B), the cash to checking account deposit ratio (d) and the time deposit to checking account deposit ratio (t) the ultimate formula for money supply can be written as M={ (d + 1)/(d + r + r x t + w) } x B. In this formula the main thing is the B. The B is the money multiplier and hence, it will determine how much money supply is generated. Similarly the d, r, r and t are also controllable by the Fed’s and hence effect money supply. The d and t are controlled by public, but the banks, using interest can influence it. The Fed’s have control over r, r and B. The Fed’s can increase and decrease the multiplier directly by directly changing the r and r. For example if Fed’s decrease r and r, the multipliers value will increase and hence the money supply will increase too. This means the Fed’s can control the ASF .However, since all variable are not under the control of the Fed’s, and any change in them can cause ASF to change, therefore many times the Fed’s have to change their variable to correct anything they feel is not right, but was not under their control. Moving further the writers explains the three policies, via which the monetary policy is controlled by the Fed’s. The first policy is to conduct open market operations. This means they buy and sell securities. These securities are bought by the special securities dealers, who then sell them ahead. What this buying and selling does is that, it alters the magnitude of B and since B and M are related it ultimately affects M or the money supply. The next policy is to alter the reserve requirement. By altering, the checking account and time deposits requirements (i.e.   r and r) the Fed’s can dictate the money supply. However they are dependant to certain extent on the willingness of the banks. If banks don’t mind reducing the working reserve (w) this is easy, otherwise the Fed’s can increase r and r to such level that banks will be forced, because they cannot in any circumstance allow (w) to go below zero. The opposite is the case with decreasing reserve requirements. Again bank need to be willing to increase the (w). Similarly discount rate adjustment can also be used to control monetary policy. Working reserves (w) come into play here. The banks need to determine their optimum level of w, so that ultimately their interest penalty on borrowed funds does not exceed the interest earnings on extra funds. If discount rate was to rise resulting in expected interest earning loss less than penalty, banks would start to hold working reserves and this will decrease M. This tells us that discount rate does not directly affect M, but it is actually w which does. The Fed’s refer to their policy changes as tightening or easing the monetary policy. Monetary policy can be eased to increase the ASF which has fallen due to money and-credit recession, thereby saving the employment and output from going down. Similarly it can also be eased when GDP growth needs to be sustained by increasing funding. Easing of monetary policy will be effective if firstly, banks do not increase too much of their working reserve and secondly if there is a strong reaction on the demand side to reduced interest rate. The Fed’s can tighten the monetary policy to control inflation. But the problem is that this is temporary and causes output to reduce and then employment as well. Tightening policy would mean that, banks will be forced to minimize lending. The banks will then increase the interest rates. Ultimately it depends on how demand reacts to high interest rate. FISCAL POLICY After explaining the monetary policy the writers now moves on to fiscal policy in chapter 13. Fiscal policy, according to the writers consists of, firstly, automatic stabilizers. These stabilizers reduce the APE’s responsiveness to changes in the level of income or GDY, thereby reducing the drop in GDP. Among the different stabilizers are nation’s welfare programs which are run under the reservoir principle. When the income increases, taxes increase and hence the money goes in the fund and when incomes decrease these funds are then used to facilitate the low income people. Besides this, the government can also use progressive income taxes, as a method towards automatic stabilization. When income rises, people go into higher tax slabs, as a result more income in the form of taxes comes to the government. If the government does not increase its purchase and allows a surplus to build up, the growth in demand will reduce. Similarly a decrease in income will have a vice versa effect. Thus these programs are automatically being affected by level of income. In other words with less income and government grants during these times to families, the purchasing power is not hit by heavy impact and hence stabilization takes place. The next form of fiscal policy is the discretionary one. In this the Federal government alters levels of three things; current domestic output purchases and tax receipts from households and businesses. This will affect APE and thus employment levels, prices etc. To show how the federal purchases and federal tax receipts affect APE, the writer has come up with a formula for fiscal policy. Starting with the formula for APE and using symbols for change in tax receipts etc. The final formula after assuming a few figures (for explanation purpose) come to be, ΔAPE = ΔG 0.65ΔHT 0.35ΔBT. Next the writer explains what measures the government can take if it wants to set a certain level for the GDP. In other words, what the government can do to keep the change in APE equal to the excess GDP over current APE. For this purpose the government can do two things. The first is expansionary fiscal policy, which is used when, excess GDP APE 0. In this case the government could either reduce taxes of households or businesses or increase purchase of domestic products. Whatever they do, to increase the APE, ultimately the government will have to borrow, thus increasing the national debt. To avoid this, government can make a large increase in tax and at the same time direct demand away from the private sector. The government will have to consider the pros and cons of both. Next the writer tells us what restrictive fiscal policies are. In this policy federal purchases will need to be reduced as compared to tax receipts. As a result there will be a positive effect on the budget. Discretionary fiscal policy has the purpose to reduce unemployment and lower inflation etc. It does this by impacting the APE directly. In other words, it is important that the fiscal policy is carefully drafted, so that the desired effects are achieved without any problems and complications. POLICY ISSUES The fourteenth chapter is all about policy issue. The writer starts off by explaining; firstly, what problems are associated with boosting APE when expansionary monetary policy is being practiced? The first problem is inconsistency. For example, if the APE has dropped, the Fed’s can use any method to drop the interest rate as that would boost the APE back to original level. However, this will not guaranteed to work always. It is possible that the initial interest level is so low that even if it becomes zero, the corresponding increase in APE will not be enough to get it back to the original level. This would cause the need for additional measures. Hence the writer is telling us that, every time the government will have to use a combination of different measure and therefore there is no consistency. The second problem is liquidity trap. This trap is created when, the economy is facing recession. During this time, interest rates fall, unemployment increases and people lose the capacity to purchase. During this time banks struggle to give loans as businesses are not launching new projects. Those that are able to, do so at very low rates. When economy recovers those who gave loans on low rates will suffer loss. All this will bring the ASF down. However, the Fed’s cannot do anything to increase it because the fall in ASF is fast and large and is increasing all the time. All they can do during this time is to try and stop the ASF from falling. In other words the depression is reducing the effectiveness of the monetary policy. Besides this, expansionary fiscal policy can be affected by crowding out. Crowding out occurs when APEASF. If APE rises and ASF doesn’t then interest rates will go up and this will crowd out the increase. However, if ASF rises a little in response then, little bit of the increase will crowd out but not all. This means crowding out doesn’t destroy fiscal policy measures, but it does reduce its efficiency. Next the writer explains how the fiscal policy can fail by using the Ricardian Equivalence. According to it, people know that government has borrowed and in future when treasury bonds are redeemed, government will increase taxes. People, to prepare for this, will save more and purchase less and hence goal of fiscal policy to increase aggregate demand will fail. However, the writer also states that this is not the case in U.S.A. People are not increasing saving too much hence coupled with other factors fiscal policy will not fail, but will definitely lose some efficiency. Now the writer moves towards restrictive policies and how they are used to offset inflationary effects. Firstly, when the APE or ASF increase and can increase inflation, government can use restrictive policy to stop it. But that also means there will be no growth. However, when GDP goes down, government should not use restrictive policy as this is short term and hence short term solutions should be used. Next the writer says that, in case of inflation due to rise in prices, no policy should be used as it would have no effect on the inflation. If we interfere then unemployment will rise. However, the writer says, the government can control the prices; by using a tax based income policy. Using this policy the government can reduce inflation and at the same time use a demand based policy to increase employment. In the tax based income policy the government sets certain limits of average wages and price. Anyone who gets more wages or increase the price more than the official target will be required to pay a tax penalty (i.e. more tax) and similarly vice versa. This will deter people from increasing beyond official level. This way the government can control prices. Next the writer explains that if the government continues with demand based policy it will cause the economy to go through policy-induced business cycles. This means that, if that, the different economic shocks that hit the economy cause random movements in employment level, interest rates, output etc. The severity and timing of these cycles is not known and this is the danger. Moreover, once the process of cycle’s starts, it will continue and the economy will keep on getting these cycles from time to time. Next the writer explains that, the Fed’s constant switching between tightening and easing the monetary policy, which they do to counteract the effects of their previous policy change, instead of stabilizing, it destabilizes the economy because it reinforces the cycles occurring due to other sources. What they can do is that, they should use the demand based policy to reduce unemployment and use any policy, like the tax-based income policy to reduce inflation. Further the writer explains that, in order to get the right and desired interest rate there has to be a balance between monetary and fiscal policy. This can be achieved easily if one organization (for example the Fed’s), handle it. But they control only the monetary part and the fiscal policy is in the hand of the government. Hence striking the right balance and the right changes becomes a problem. Moreover, another problem is availability of the correct data and that too on time. The economy is very sensitive. Policy decisions have effects on it. If data is incorrect or late this can cause wrong decisions to be made and can result in a disaster for the economy. There is a lot of problem in the available data of the GDP, APE, ASF etc and this is causing a problem. This problem is compounded by the fact that time is wasted, before the problem is recognized. After recognizing, then they design and implement it. Hence its effects take time. Meanwhile the MCP is doing its process. Lastly the writer says that, though monetary and fiscal policies are good, but the data problems, policy lags and inability to predict the effects of economic shocks accurately are making it ineffective.