Friday, September 6, 2019
Failure Of Materials Essay Example for Free
Failure Of Materials Essay Failure of materials is an analysis in engineering world, to approach and determining about how and why a materials has failed, like iron bar, why it can crocked or porous. Some general causes of failure are structural leading, wear corrosion and latent defects. Failure of materials must be known by an engineer, safety is the first word when engineer working building structure. They can not take random about materials that is used. They must know strength, flexibility, and endure of materials. For adding, with developing and updating software or research that had be done by company, we’ll more easy to know the characteristic of materials that we use. TYPICAL OF FAILURE OF MATERIALS Fatigue Failures Metal fatigue is caused by repeated cycling of the load below its static yield strength. It is a progressive localized damage due to fluctuating stresses and strains on the material. Metal fatigue cracks initiate and propagate in regions where the strain is most severe. The process of fatigue consists of three stages Initial crack initiation, Progressive crack growth across the part, and Final sudden fracture of the remaining cross section. Corrosion Failures Corrosion is chemically induced damage to a material that results in deterioration of the material and its properties. It is most coming from environment. Corrosion is normal, it is can not be removed, but can be minimized with several strategy like proper choice of material, design, coatings, and occasionally by changing the environment. Various types of metallic and nonmetallic coatings are regularly used to protect metal parts from corrosion. If corrosion can be minimized, materials be able to use and more advantage. Ductile and Brittle Metal Failures Ductile metals experience observable plastic deformation prior to fracture. Brittle metals experience little or no plastic deformation prior to fracture. At times metals behave in a transitional manner partially ductile/brittle. Ductile fracture is characterized by tearing of metal and significant plastic deformation. The ductile fracture may have a gray, fibrous appearance. Ductile fractures are associated with overload of the structure or large discontinuities. High Temperature Failures In physics theory, when a materials is being warm, they will expand than original size. We know about boilers, gas turbine engines, and ovens are some of the systems that have components that experience creep.  An understanding of high temperature materials behavior is beneficial Failures involving creep are usually easy to identify due to the deformation that occurs. Failures may appear ductile or brittle. While creep testing is done at constant temperature and constant load actual components may experience damage at various temperatures and loading conditions. in evaluating failures in these types of systems. High temperature progressive deformation of a material at constant stress is called creep. High temperature is a relative term that is dependent on the materials being evaluated. Liquid Metal and Hydrogen embitterment Failures  Liquid metal embitterment is the decrease in ductility of a metal caused by contact with liquid metal. The decrease in ductility can result in catastrophic brittle failure of a normally ductile material. Very small amounts of liquid metal are sufficient to result in embitterment. The liquid metal can not only reduce the ductility but significantly reduce tensile strength. Liquid metal embitterment is an insidious type of failure as it can occur at loads below yield stress. Thus, catastrophic failure can occur without significant deformation or obvious deterioration of the component. Hydrogen embitterment failures are frequently unexpected and sometimes catastrophic. An externally applied load is not required as the tensile stresses may be due to residual stresses in the material. The threshold stresses to cause cracking are commonly below the yield stress of the material. Very small amounts of hydrogen can cause hydrogen embitterment in high strength steels. Common causes of hydrogen embitterment are pickling, electroplating and welding, however hydrogen embitterment is not limited to these processes. There are causes of materials failure, but not disease that not have medicine. Every materials that we use have a protection, protection come from our knowledge about characteristic of materials as chemical composition, using guide or calculation and appointment the materials for our structure. Addition, many factory, metal – producing majority, also publish list of their product that have content about characteristic ( strength, elasticity, endure and treatment). Bibliography Omens, J. H., MacKenna, D. A., and McCulloch, A. D. Measurement of Strain and Analysis of Stress in Resting Rat Left Ventricular Myocardium.  J. Biomech Press,1993. TCR Engineering Services Technical Team. White Paper: Investigating Material and Component Failure.  TCR Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd. India, 2004. Haut Donahue, T. L., Gregersen, C., Hull, M. L., and Howell, S. M. Comparison of Viscoelastic, Structural, and Material Properties. ASME, 1994.
Thursday, September 5, 2019
Lifes Ups And Downs
Lifes Ups And Downs Making Sense Of Lifes ‘Ups And ‘Downs (4) What To Do When You Run Out Of Answers There are some very deep questions we often wrestle with. Like, when cheese gets its picture taken, what does it say? You must have wrestled with that problem from time to time. Or, how can you tell when sour cream goes bad? That could keep you awake at night! And then theres the question: what hair colour do they put on the drivers licenses of bald men? Difficult isnt it? And one other Im sure you must have struggled with for years is this: if buttered bread always lands on the butter-side down and a cat always lands on its feet, what happens if you strap buttered bread to a cats back? Now, of course these kind of questions are not worth answering. Its just a bit of fun. However, there are sincere questions we certainly wrestle with. We long to make sense of lifes ‘ups and ‘downs. GNB You are listening to Word Alive. Thanks for joining us today. My name is Brenda Critchley and Dr Derek Stringer is our Bible Teacher. The current series on Word Alive is based on Job. Derek has been looking at three key truths from this book which can help us in our struggles and problems. DS And today we look at the fourth. Because Job, kept asking God, â€Å"Lord, why am I suffering?†GNB We have are making this series of 4 messages available on CD. Its fast becoming our most popular series. Ill give you details at the end of the programme. Todays message is based on Job 40 to 42 and Derek gives this the title, ‘What To Do When You Run Out Of Answers. Ill chip in with a scripture here and there. But, heres Derek. DS Thanks again Brenda. Now, for most of the book God was silent. Jobs wife wasnt silent. â€Å"Why dont you just give up on God. He hasnt helped you any. Just curse him and die.†Once Jobs three friends got round to talking they really couldnt stomach that Job wouldnt accept that they were right and that he was wrong. He must have done something really bad to be suffering as he was. A young man listening to the debate is Elihu. He tries hard to say something wise about Jobs trauma. All this time a storm has been brewing and the people take cover and leave Job all alone. And then in chapter 38, God breaks into the story and speaks to Job out of the storm. He didnt give Job the answers he was seeking. Actually he gives him 187 questions. None of which can he answer. Then in chapter 40, God began Round 2 of questions. Its like a TV Contestant. The Quiz Master says: â€Å"Our categories are: earth, stars, light; and two new categories: Behemoth and Leviathan. Job scored zero in Round 1, lets see how he does in this next round.†GNB Chapter 40 verse 6, â€Å"Then the Lord spoke to Job out of the storm: ‘Brace yourself like a man; I will question you, and you shall answer me. Would you discredit my justice? Would you condemn me to justify yourself? Do you have an arm like Gods, and can your voice thunder like His?†DS At this point, God described two monstrous animals, the Behemoth and Leviathan. They are fascinating and mysterious. Skip ahead to Job 42. God has finished speaking and Job responded to Gods questioning. GNB â€Å"Then job replied to the Lord: ‘I know that you can do all things; no plan of yours can be thwarted. You asked, ‘Who is this that obscures My counsel without knowledge? Surely I spoke of things I did not understand, things too wonderful for me to know. You said, ‘Listen now, and I will speak; I will question you, and you shall answer me. My ears had heard of you but now my eyes have seen you. Therefore I despise myself and repent in dust and ashes.†DS Everything comes to a climax. God finished questioning Job and waited for his reply. If Job had argued with God and said, â€Å"This isnt fair. I deserve a better explanation.†Then there would have been no book of Job. Instead Job finally gets it and responds to God in the proper way. If you are suffering and hurting this is the way you need to react. Notice what Job said and did when he ran out of answers. FIRST: HE ACKNOWLEDGE GODS UNLIMITED POWER. God had convinced Job that his power was unlimited. Gods point was driven home by the Behemoth and Leviathan. The New International Version footnote says that the Behemoth is a Hippopotamus and Leviathan is a Crocodile. This are poor guesses. What was Behemoth? I believe it was a Dinosaur we call the Brachiosaurus. The Hebrew word ‘Behemoth simply means â€Å"enormous creature.†Notice the way God described Behemoth in Job 40:15, GNB â€Å"Look at the Behemoth, which I made along with you and which feeds on grass like an Ox. What strength he has in his loins, what power in the muscles of his belly! His tail sways like a cedar†DS That rules out a hippo or an elephant! GNB â€Å"The sinews of his thighs are close-knit. His bones are tubes of bronze, his limbs like rods of iron. He ranks first among the works of God†DS That could mean it was the largest land animal ever created. GNB â€Å"Yet his maker can approach him with his sword.†DS That may be a reference to the fact that Brachiosaurus is now extinct. A Brachiosaurus was one of the largest land animals to walk on earth. Three times the size of the Giraffe. 80 feet long weighing around 88 tons. The largest African Elephant on record is 10 tons. What was Leviathan? I believe it is the sea creature we know as the Kronosaurus. Look at chapter 41 and verse 1, GNB â€Å"Can you pull in the leviathan with a fishhook or tie down his tongue with a rope?†DS Drop down to verse 7 GNB â€Å"Can you fill his hide with harpoons or his head with fishing spears? If you lay a hand on him, you will remember the struggle and never do it again! Any hope of subduing him is false; the mere sight of him is overpowering. No one is fierce enough to rouse him. Who then is able to stand against me? Who has a claim against me that I must pay? Everything under heaven belongs to me. I will not fail to speak of his limbs, his strength and his graceful form. Who can strip off his outer coat? Who would approach him with a bridle? Who dares open the doors of his mouth, ringed about with his fearsome teeth? His back has rows of shields tightly sealed together; each is so close to the next that no air can pass between.†DS And verse 31 gives concluding description of Leviathan, GNB â€Å"He makes the depths churn like a boiling caldron and stirs up the sea like a pot of ointment. Behind him he leaves a glistening wake; one would think the deep had white hair. Nothing on earth is his equalâ€â€a creature without fear.†DS Leviathan is mentioned in Isaiah 27:1 and Psalm 104 as being a mighty sea creature. Kronosaurus was a sea creature. Head 9 long and razor-sharp teeth 10†long. Sometimes people ask, â€Å"What about the dinosaurs? Why no mention of them in the Bible?†As if this invalidates Scripture. It doesnt. The word â€Å"Dinosaur†was first coined in 1841 by Dr. Richard Owens. So, of course its not mentioned in the Bible. The point of all this about these strange powerful creatures is that its not about Jurassic Park but Jehovahs power. God brought up Behemoth and Leviathan to illustrate His unlimited power to make or do whatever He wants. GNB Verse 11, â€Å"Who then is able to stand against me? Everything under heaven belongs to me.†DS Job got the point because he said, â€Å"I know you can do all things.†Have you come to that point in your life? You may think your situation is impossible but God specialises in the humanly impossible. In the midst of your impossible circumstances remember 5 words: ‘Nothing is impossible with God! The second thing to do when you run out of answers is to ADMIT INABILITY UNDERSTANDING GOD. As Job reviewed all his words he confessed in 42:3, â€Å"I spoke things I did not understand, things too wonderful for me to know.†Sometimes we want people to think weve got it all together and nothing gets us down. Thats living in unreality and a good reason for never knowing God because He only moves in unreality. Starting moving in unreality and we will miss the real God. Theres a Peanuts Cartoon where Lucy is dispensing her psychiatric advice. â€Å"Life is like a deck chair on a ship. Some people sit looking forward and some people sit looking back.†Charlie says, â€Å"Its all I can do to get mine unfolded!†Job was finally admitting to God that he didnt have everything figured out. He had made the critical error of presuming and he was dead wrong. TV Evangelists may tell you about health and wealth if youll just confess your faith, everything should work out fine for you. You know the kind of thing, â€Å"God loves you and has a wonderful Porsche for your life.†Their theology doesnt allow any room for righteous suffering. Those who have walked with God realise that there are things we will never understand. Heres a third thing to do when you havent got the answers. SEEK GODS FACE NOT ANSWERS. Job had run out of answers but has discovered something better. He found God. Verse 5. GNB â€Å"My ears had heard of You, but now my eyes have seen you.†DS An advert said: â€Å"Youve got questions, weve got answers.†Job said, â€Å"God, youve got questions, but I dont have any answers.†People are still seeking to find answers to the tough questions. Job discovered it is better to seek Gods face than to find answers. In a TV sit-com a son-in-law asks: â€Å"If there is a God, why is this world messed up?†The father-in-law doesnt know how to reply but wont acknowledge that. So he says, â€Å"Why do I always have to give the answers?†Turning to his wife he says, â€Å"You tell him. â€Å"She says, â€Å"To make us appreciate heaven better when we get there.†Right on! Life is full of pain and sorrow so well enjoy heaven so much! Are you still seeking answers, or are you seeking Gods face? Back in chapter 1 Job offered sacrifices on behalf of his children. He wasnt sure what they were getting up to when they had parties. So, he did some religious things. It may well have been an empty ritual. Now everything is different. And let me tell you a very important thing to do when you are looking for answers and they wont come. HUMBLE YOURSELF AND REPENT. GNB In chapter 42 and verse 6 Job says, â€Å"I despise myself and repent in dust and ashes.†DS Before seeking Gods face be willing to humble yourself and repent. Job wasnt degrading himself when he said, â€Å"I despise myself.†He was simply stating his condition as he stood before a perfect God. Humility is not thinking lowly of yourself. Its not thinking of yourself at all. When Job saw God, he fell to his face to repent of his sins. What sin had he committed? It wasnt brazen but subtle. Job never cursed God but he was guilty of trying to justify himself. He was guilty of bitterness. The best thing is to do when going through the mill is repent! You may say, â€Å"But I dont know anything that Ive done that I need to repent.†Just get on your knees before God and ask Him and see what happens. The question about why good people suffer has been with us for generations. Imagine a first century news item: â€Å"Good evening Im Josephus Jeremias and this is the Fox News sp0onsored by King Herod. We have some breaking news. Governor Pontius Pilate ordered a detachment of Roman soldiers into the Temple today to break up the protests of the Galilean rebels. The rebels refused to leave so swords were drawn, and we have reports that several of the rebels were killed by the sword. Not only were they killed, but their blood was splattered near the altar of sacrifice. More details at eleven. In another unrelated story, eighteen Jewish construction workers were killed when the stone tower they were building at Siloam collapsed. The names of the deceased are being withheld pending notification of family members.†And now to comment on these two breaking stories is Rabbi Ben Ezra. Rabbi, whats your take on these two tragedies? One a man-made tragedy, and the other an unfortunate accident?†â€Å"Shalom Josephus. These were not accidents. The truth is simple: The Galilean rebels got what was coming to them. They were sinners and God was punishing them. The same can be said for the construction workers at the tower. Obviously, they were rotten sinners, too. Thats why God caused the tower to fall and kill them.†And now to be fair and balanced, we have a remote hook-up with the roving Galilean teacher, Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus, are you there? Josephus Jeremias here with Fox News, what do you have to say about these two terrible tragedies? â€Å"Do you think that these Galileans were worse sinners than all the other Galileans because they suffered this way? I tell you, no! But unless you repent, you too will all perish. Or those eighteen who died when the tower in Siloam fell on them-do you think they were more guilty than all the others living in Jerusalem? I tell you, no! But unless you repent, you too will all perish.†Jesus stressed that it is futile to try to figure out WHY bad things happen to people. He moved the issue beyond why and focused on WHAT every one of us must do: Repent! The word â€Å"repent†means â€Å"a change of mind that leads to a change of behaviour.†In order to become a Christian you must repent of your sins; instead of thinking your sins are just minor flaws that everybody does, you must change your mind about them. You must repent and realise every sin is like spitting in the face of God; every sin is like pounding the nails into the flesh of Jesus. Thats what it means to repent-change your mind, then change your conduct. Even after you become a Christian, you must keep on repenting. Whenever you find your thinking and Gods thinking dont match, its time to change your mind again. What did Job repent of? He repented of the way he had been thinking about God. He had made the mistake of thinking God was mean, vicious, and cruel. He wanted to argue his case before God. But once Job heard Gods voice, and saw His face, Job realised his thinking was all wrong. He changed his mind about himself and about God. So if you are suffering and struggling, do what Job did. Humble yourself and repent-even if you dont think at this point there is anything in your life that needs repenting. GNB Job didnt get the answers he was looking. He got something much more valuable. DS Yes, he came to know God on a personal level. And so can we. WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU RUN OUT OF ANSWERS? You ADMIT there are questions in this life that will never get answered. You can discover something much better than answers. I love the words of this song: â€Å"You have faced mountains of desperation. You have climbed, you have fought, you have won. But this valley that lies coldly before you, Casts a shadow you cannot overcome. Just when you thought you had it all together. You knew every verse to get you through. But this time all the sorrow broke more than just your heart. And reciting all those verses just wont do. When answers arent enough, there is Jesus. He is more than just an answer to your prayer. And your heart will find a safe and peaceful refuge. THEN NEXT, JOB DISCOVERED INTERCESSION. God instructed his friends to go to him for prayer. This was Jobs final test. Would Job vent his hostility and resentment? â€Å"Pray for you after what youve said? No way!†GNB But his three friend did ask home to pray for them. DS Yes, and Job prayed and the Lord accepted his prayer. GNB â€Å"After job had prayed for his friends, the Lord made him prosperous again and gave him twice as much as he had before.†DS To me, the most important word is that one, â€Å"After.†When Job prayed for his friends, he was still in agony. It was only after he prayed that God released him from his suffering. You are enslaved until you can pray for those who have hurt you. The moment I start hating a man, I become his slave. I cant even do my work anymore because he even controls my thoughts. The man I hate hounds me. I cannot escape his tyrannical grasp on my mind. The person I resent may be miles from my bedroom, but more cruel than any slave driver, he whips my thoughts into such a frenzy that even my inner spring mattress becomes a rack of torture. Someone has hurt you. Are you harbouring resentment? Are you let it make you bitter? Are you looking for revenge? Do yourself a favour: start praying for them. You will find it so releasing. Youll also find one more great discovery. JOB DISCOVERS RESTORATION. God gave Job back more than he ever had before. GNB Verse 11: â€Å"All his brothers and sisters and everyone who had known him before came and ate with him in his house. They comforted and consoled him over all the trouble the Lord had brought upon him, and each one gave him a piece of silver and a gold ring. The Lord blessed the later part of Jobs life more than the first. He had fourteen thousand sheep, six thousand camels, a thousand yoke of oxen and a thousand donkeys. And he also had seven sons and three daughters. The first daughter he named Jemimah, DS (her name means â€Å"dove.†) GNB The second keziah, DS (which means â€Å"cinnamon†) GNB and the third keren-happuch DS (which means â€Å"dark-eyes†) GNB nowhere in all the land were found women as beautiful as jobs daughters, and their father granted them an inheritance along with their brothers. After this, job lived a hundred and forty years; he saw his children and their children to the fourth generation. And so he died, old and full of years.†DS God doubled Jobs wealth. He had exactly twice what he had before. Jobs brothers and sisters helped him with venture capital. And God doubled Jobs ‘children. He had 7 son and 3 daughters before his troubles and another 7 sons and 3 daughters after. But he hadnt lost the first ten. They were safely home in heaven. A man who buried a child said: â€Å"I have two teenagers on earth and one child in heaven. Frankly, I worry sometimes about the two kids on earth, but I never worry about the one in heaven.†God added ‘life to Jobs years. People are looking for special diets, exercise, and medicine to extend their lives. Far better than adding years to your life is to add life to your years. Getting older we understand the great gift is relationships. You want to know how rich you are? Look at what friends you have. God always saves the best for last! The last word about Job is in the letter of James. GNB â€Å"You have heard of Jobs perseverance and have seen what the Lord finally brought about.†DS The best thing about Job is hes become a patient man. That quality can really help you to live with depth not just in length. Do you know the first public miracle of Jesus? Its when He turned water into wine at a wedding. A young couple were in trouble and he helped them out by bringing the best on last. Thats the difference between Christianity and other philosophies of life. For us the best is always yet to be. Job is an object lesson for God bringing the best on last. Are you living with some unanswered questions? Would you like to make some great discoveries? Did you notice that what Job did triggered his discoveries? When he repented, God vindicated him. When he prayed for his tormentors God rewarded him. Is there something you need to repent of today? Are there people you need to pray for and forgive? God is waiting to prove himself strong on your behalf. Wouldnt it have been sad if the book of Job ended with chapter 41? A man unable to answer the questions. Still in trauma, still battling with his pain. Job didnt quit he persevered. And in chapter 42 he was rewarded for his faithfulness. Right now, you may be in Job 41. Dont quit! Dont give up on God! He always saves the best for last! GNB Derek Stringer has been teaching from the Book of Job. This is a series of 4 messages. You can have then on CD, just ask is for details. We will send free transcript to an email address. Word Alive is produced by Good News Broadcasting Association. You can email us through the web site on www.gnba.net Thats gnba.net Theres a FREE PHONE number here in the UK. We really do love to hear from you, its such an encouragement. Just pick up the phone and leave us a message if you are calling outside office hours. That FREE PHONE number is 08,000 92 78 92. Thats 08,000 92 78 92. This is Word Alive produced by the Good News Broadcasting Association. Im Brenda Critchley with our Bible Teacher Dr Derek Stringer. DS Were back with a brand new series next time. I hope that you will plan to join us then. Meanwhile do contact us. GNB 08,000 92 78 92 or email us through the web on www.gnba.net DS Good-bye for now and God bless and keep you.
Wednesday, September 4, 2019
Is The Canadian Cable Television Industry a Natural Monopoly :: essays research papers
Chapter     Outline Preface     Chapter     Title     Page Preface          Outline     1 I          Introduction     2      A     The Canadian Cable Television Industry     2 II          Details     3      A     Model     3      B     Data     4 III          Externality Effect     10 III          Comparison with Telephone Industry     12 IV          References     14 Table     Title     Page 1.1          2003 Market Share of Canadian Cable Companies.     2 2.1          Canadian Cable Industry     5 2.2          Rogers Communications Incorporation     7 2.3          Shaw Communications Incorporation     8 2.4          Cogeco Cable Company     9 3.1          Marginal Private Benefit     11 3.2          Marginal Private Cost     11 3.3          Demand Schedule of the market     12 Figure     Title     Page 1.1          2003 Market Share of Canadian Cable Companies.     2 2.1          Conventional Depiction of Natural Monopoly     4 2.2          Measurement of Possibility of Natural Monopoly     5 2.3          Canadian Cable Television Indusry     6 2.4          Rogers Communications Incorporations     7 2.5          Shaw Communications Incorporation     8 2.6          Cogeco Cable Company     10 3.1          Externality Effect of Regulation of Cable Industry     12 Chapter     Introduction 1     A. THE CANADIAN CABLE TELEVISION INDUSTRY It all started back in 1981 when Vidà ©otron Ltà ©e and La Presse introduce the first electronic newspaper via cable in Montreal. One year later, The Canadian Radio-television Commission licensed Canada's first pay services and 58% of home televisions were connected to the cable television. The majority of industry members have formed an association the CCTA – Canadian Cable Televisions Association, to have a unified word when facing regulators, help promote the industry’s services. Table 1.1 and figure 1.1 show that CCTA have through its members a control over more than 70% of the Canadian cable services. Table 1.1          Market Control (2003) ROGERS      30.30% SHAW      27.20% COGECO      11.20% EASTLINK      3.20% ACCESS      1.00% MONARCH      0.80% OTHER*      26.40% TOTAL      100% *less than 50,000 customers each Figure 1.1     2003 Market share of Canadian Cable Companies Since its inception, cable television service has been subject of substantial intervention on the part of regulators in Canada. The Cable television operators are licensed by a single federal regulatory authority, the CRTC. It classifies Licensed Service Areas (LSA) based partly on the current subscription level within the LSA and partly on the quality of broadcast reception available to the service provider. The issues to be addressed in this paper are the following:      Was the enforced monopoly provision of basic cable television justified? Chapter     Details 2     A. MODEL When a monopoly occurs because it is more efficient for one firm to serve an entire market than for two or more firms to do so, because of the sort of economies of scales available in that market. A common example is water distribution, in which the main cost is laying a network of pipes to deliver water. One firm can do the job at a lower average cost per customer than two firms with competing networks of pipes. Monopolies can arise unnaturally by a firm acquiring sole ownership of a resource that is essential to the production of a good or service, or by a government granting a firm the legal right to be the sole producer. Other unnatural monopolies occur when a firm is much more efficient than its rivals for reasons other than economies of scale.
Tuesday, September 3, 2019
Breast Feeding Teaching Plan :: essays research papers
Teaching Plan Assessment: Subjective Information:      Mother is considering breast feeding as an option, but is unsure of methods and benefits in comparison to bottle feeding. Is unsure about herself and whether or not she will be able to perform necessary tasks required to breast feed successfully. Objective Information:      Mother is 34 weeks pregnant, 20 years old, gravida one, para zero, previous smoker who quit after learning of pregnancy at two months. She works part time at a church and baby-sits occasionally, while attending college classes as a full time student. Client’s Readiness and Ability to Learn:      Mother is a high school graduate and also attended technical school where she learned to be a surgical technician. She is currently enrolled in more college classes and is hoping to further her education and become a Registered Nurse. Physical status is good, but mother is a little exhausted. Emotional status is that she is very ready for baby and excited about its arrival. Is ready for pregnancy to be over. Nursing Diagnosis 1. Risk for ineffective breastfeeding related to anxiety and inexperience with      breast feeding as evidenced by client showing signs of anxiety and      stating that she is unsure about herself and her capability to perform      the necessary tasks that are needed to be successful in breast feeding. Planning 1. Learning Objectives      A. Client will learn benefits of breast feeding as compared to bottle           feeding.      B. Client will learn different positions for breast feeding that may           make the process easier for her.      C. Client will learn proper methods for successful breast feeding.      D. Client will be more sure of herself and be able to make the decision      of whether or not to breast feed, based on newly learned                information. 2. Outline of Learning Content: 1. Assess clients exposure to and knowledge about breast feeding, including any misinformation she may have previously acquired. Allow time for question and answer session about any concerns she may have. 2. Demonstrate to client various breast feeding positions and allow her to practice and try them using a life-like doll. Assist her, possibly with the use of pillows, and help her to accomplish the individual positions. Continue with this until she is comfortable in performing all of the positions, and has found at least one that she thinks will work well for her and is confident in executing. 3. Show client how to initiate her baby’s rooting reflex. Also show her the proper way for her baby to grasp her nipple and nurse successfully.
Monday, September 2, 2019
Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale Essay example -- Atwood Handmaid
Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale In "The Handmaid's Tale", Margaret Atwood tells a saddening story about a not-to-distant future where toxic chemicals and abuses of the human body have resulted in many men and women alike becoming sterile. The main character, Offred, gives a first person encounter about her subservient life as a handmaid in the Republic of Gilead, a republic formed after a bloody coup against the United States government. She and her fellow handmaids are fertile women that the leaders of Gilead, the Commanders, enslave to ensure their power and the population of the Republic. While the laws governing women and others who are not in control of Gilead seem oppressive, outlandish and ridiculous, they are merely a caricature of past and present laws and traditions of Western civilization. "The Handmaid's Tale" is an accurate and feasible description of what society could be like if a strict and oppressive religious organization gained dominant power over the political system in the United States. Of course, one does not need to try to predict the future in order to get a picture of what life would be like if such a strict and oppressive religious organization obtained a stranglehold on our political system. The Holy Roman Empire and various kingdoms of the not-to-distant past, ruled by kings appointed by God through birthright, are packed with stories of poor treatment of those who oppose them and have a consistent theme for foul treatment of women. Few, if any, religious conquests were as gruesome and devastating as the Inquisition. Starting in the 13th century, monarchs from all around Europe, with approval from the Popes during their reigns, anointed inquisitors to track down a certain group of he... ...omen than men and more stories of women succeeding in business and government, one might think that society has evolved from the mediaeval, torturous times of the Inquisition. However, we mustn't forget that the Inquisition did not end until the early 19th century, and that most Western Civilizations did not make strides towards equal rights for women until the 20th century. "The Handmaid's Tale" is a shivering warning about the brutality that humans can enact upon each other, given the opportunity. Many of the religious sentiments expressed during the story are echoes of today's events. From the Inquisition to toxic waste dumps poisoning hundreds of people in a small town to abortion clinic bombings, some of the outrageous and unbelievable events of "The Handmaid's Tale" have already been taking place for centuries, but are hopefully not a omen of what is to come.
GM crops Essay
For thousands of years farmers have used a process of selection and cross breeding to improve the quality of our crops. The problem with GM crops is that there is little known about what effect they will have in 20 years’ time. The genetic structure of any living organism is complex and GM crop tests focus on short-term effects. Not all the effects of introducing a foreign gene into the intricate genetic structure of an organism are tested. Will the pests that a crop was created to resist eventually become resistant to this crop? GM crops may also pose a health risk to native animals that eat them. The animals may be poisoned by the built-in pesticides. Tests in the U. S. showed that 44% of caterpillars of the monarch butterfly died when fed large amounts of pollen from GM corn. Very little scientific information exists about the risk of GM food on human health. One major report by Dr. Arpad Pusztai, explains how GM foods could trigger new allergies and contain toxins that may be harmful. Another concern is disease. Since some crops are modified using the DNA from viruses and bacteria, will we see new diseases emerge? What about the GM crops that have antibiotic-resistant marker genes? Marker genes are used by scientists to determine whether their genetic modification of a plant was successful. Will these antibiotic-resistant genes be transferred to microorganisms that cause disease? We already have a problem with ineffective antibiotics. How can we develop new drugs to fight these new bugs? Then there is always the possibility that we may not be able to destroy GM crops once they spread into the environment. Proponents of GM crops claim that advantages may be many, such as: Improved storage and nutritional quality Pest and disease resistance Selective herbicide tolerance Tolerance of water, temperature and saline extremes Improved animal welfare Higher yields and quality Cross-pollination is a concern for both GM crops and conventional breeding, especially with the more serious weeds that are closely related to the crops. With careful management this may be avoided. They are an ever-increasing problem and genetic engineering promises to stop it. But will genes from GM plants spread to other plants, creating superweeds and superbugs we won’t be able to control? When looking at the environmental impacts of grass- and grain-fed beef, â€Å"there is a 500% increase in greenhouse gas emissions for each pound of beef produced from grass-fed compared to grain-fed cattle. Uncontrolled nitrogen and phosphate release to the environment, 35% more water use, and 30% more land use for grass-fed cattle compared to grain-fed increases the environmental impact of strictly grass feeding. †Cholesterol content does not differ between grass- or grain-fed beef. Today, there is an estimated two-thirds of all our products in supermarkets contain genetically engineered ingredients, including; tortilla chips, drink mixes, taco shells, veggie burgers, muffin mix, and baby formulas. But only one-third of Americans are aware that their food contain genetically engineered ingredients, despite the findings of surveys that 85 to 90% of consumers want clear labeling of all genetically engineered foods. Because labeling is not yet required by government regulations, nor practiced by biotech companies, there is absolutely no way for consumers to know what it is that they are eating. The public has not been educated of the inadequacy of genetically modified ingredients in their diets and the possible risks that these foods may entail. The credibility of these geneticists is also questionable because almost all established molecular geneticists have some industrial ties limiting what they can research on, particularly with regard to safety. There is no way of knowing the overall, long-term effects of genetically engineered foods on human health. This unpredictability appears to be causing the most controversy over genetically modified foods, as there is insufficient evidence and need for further research. The effect of the insertion on the biochemistry of the host organism is unknown. The effect of the genetically engineered organism on the environment is unknown. The effect of eating genetically engineered foods is unknown. There is no basis for meaningful risk assessment. There is no recovery plan in case of disaster. It is not even clear, who, if anyone will be legally liable for the negative consequences. There are no consequences among scientists on the safety or on the risks associated with genetic engineering in agriculture. The international community is deeply divided on the issue. In addition to these, genetically engineered foods may cause the removal of important food elements. For example, genetic engineers may intentionally remove or inactivate a substance they consider undesirable in a food, which may have unknown but crucial qualities, such as cancer-inhibiting abilities. Examples such as this are perhaps especially frightening because of the potential to find cures to some of the illnesses and diseases that have already laid claim to many lives. Failure to do further research in this case would be a shame, as it could lead to an elimination of possible breakthroughs in medicine and health. The current state of biotechnology must be fixed because every living organism is affected by it because everything is composed of genes. If the food being consumed contains products of genetic modification, the public is at risk to the unpredictable effects on their own physiology and biochemistry-effects that may not be reversible. Not only could this cause problems in their own lives presently, but it could also affect future generations, in ways that are unforeseen yet preventable. Moreover there is not enough understanding of the principles of genetic engineering to categorize those genetic modifications that may pose a risk and those that may not because genes appear to react in diverse ways when spliced with other genes. Genes are a part of an extremely complex and interconnected network and are constantly reacting to their environment. Further research must be enacted, and biotech companies and the government must do their moral/ethical duty to inform the public, because ultimately, they are the ones making the decisions.
Sunday, September 1, 2019
Consumer Behaviour Analysis Essay
In this competitive market, high quality of products may not be sufficient for companies to gain competitive edges in market (Palmer, 2004). In addition, according to Moutinho et al (1996), it seems that the nature of marketing is to satisfy the needs and requirements of consumers rather than product oriented. Thus, consumers play a prominent role in market as contemporary marketing is customer-oriented. However, it should be noticed that consumer behaviour is unstable because psychological factors have impacts on consumer behaviour. Moreover, Evans et al (2006) indicate that social factors also affect consumer behaviour. Although many companies have drawn attention to the status of consumers in market, they lack of the knowledge of consumer behaviour and guidelines to analysis their consumers. Therefore, the study of consumer behavior is necessary for helping companies clearly understand consumer behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to observe the effects of consumer behavior on established and new companies. Factors affecting consumer behavior will first be presented. The discussion of consumer behaviour’s effect on two types of companies will then be displayed, with a focus on brand loyalty, dynamic demands, and online shopping channels. Furthermore, for future development, effective approaches will be given to reduce the negative effects of customer behavior. Indeed, this paper briefly discusses some main effects of consumer behaviour on established and new companies, and it aims to help companies clearly understand consumer behaviour and further development. 1. Consumer Behaviour 1.1 Psychological influences A company has spent amounts of time developing a new product; however, after the company launches the product to markets, it could realize its efforts is wasted because customers reject its product in a few minutes. The reason is the company fails or neglects to analyze the psychological factors of consumers. Understanding psychological factors is essential for designing and publicizing a product, as these factors tend to influence consumer behaviour. According to Hollensen (2003:122), psychological factors include: â€Å"needs, perception, memory, and attitude†. With regards to the needs of consumers, marketers often distinguish the needs by using Maslow’s famous classification (1970). The classification divides the needs of people into five grades based on hierarchy. The higher level needs cannot be realized unless lower level needs are satisfied. For example, most African countries suffer from starvation. If a marketer sells luxury goods to African consumers, the marketer tends to fail because the marketer cannot understand what African people urgently need. Baker (2006:204) says â€Å"Sensation occurs when a sense organ receives a stimulus, while perception is the interpretation of that stimulus†. From the marketer’s viewpoint, it is essential to attract attention of consumers, and consumers can respond the way marketers intend to. For example, if a marketer chooses red colour to package products, the consumer likes all commodities with red packaging by chance; then, perception arises as this packaging draws the consumer attention. In terms of memory, when consumers make decision among kinds of brands, they prefer to select the brand that they remember. Hollensen (2003) observes consumers store information that is frequently seen or heard. Therefore, marketers try their best to publicize their brand name as much as possible with a view to making consumers remember their brand name when consumers select a product. Attitude can be described as consumers have positive and negative feelings when they see a object that can be a brand, an action, or a person. For this reason, marketers formulate marketing strategy based on using the knowledge of consume attitude in order to associate with consumer’s tastes and preferences. This subsection focuses on psychological factors that influence consumer behavior. In the latter subsection, it concerns social factors that would influence consumer behaviour. 1.2 Social influences Baker (2006) points out that social influences can be divided into three categories including culture, social class, and life-style. In terms of culture, Bennett and Kassarjian (1972) define culture as a consecutive form that can be passed on from one generation to another mainly including habits, beliefs, values, and attitudes. However, culture tends to be relatively unstable, and it is in the process of changing and inducing new ideas because of environmental change and technological change. In addition, Evans et al (2006) note that marketing is a contributory factor in changing of culture. For example, in China, before fast food restaurants of McDonald opened, Chinese people prefer to eat their own food such as porridge, rice, and noodles; nevertheless, after the US lifestyle has transmitted to China through McDonald, the eating habits of Chinese has changed as most of them, especially the young people, would choose hamburgers or chips instead of rice and noodles. With regard to social classes, this classes are groups who have similar characteristics usually including education, income, occupation, and social status (Baker, 2006). Consumers’ behaviour tends to be influenced by the values of social classes, when consumers are divided into one of social classes (Palmer, 2004). In general, social classes consist of three groups including upper class, middle class, and lower class. For example, if individuals identify with the â€Å"upper class†, they prefer to purchase products that differ from universal goods such as luxury necklaces, and advanced cars. Another aspect of social influences is lifestyle that is a way of living of people or families. For example, how people plan leisure time, which interesting products people prefer to purchase. In consumption activities, through analyzing people’s lifestyles, marketers probably know which groups of people tend to be their targets, hence they can design a suitable marketing mix for their targets. 1.3 The buying decision process The above paragraphs introduce influential factors that affect consumers’ decision making. For better understanding consumer behaviour, the process of buying decision is divided into five steps (Hollensen, 2003). The first step tends to be problem identification. According to Hollensen (2003), the differences between current situation and desired situation motivate consumers to seek and purchase products that probably bring satisfaction in order to balance the current condition with the desire. The second step is information search. Consumers gain information from past experiences and long memories stored in mind. In addition, Hollensen (2003) states that memory seeks information from three sources including personal sources, commercial sources, and public sources. The commercial sources are information disseminated by marketers and dealers. Thus, marketers tend to take use of this source in order to make consumer remember and store their brand name in long memory. The third step is evaluation of alternative. In this step, Hollensen (2003) points out that consumers tend to evaluate products from four attributes including cost attributes, performance attributes, social attributes, and availability attributes. Fourthly, Palmer (2004) points out that the purchase decision is made by DMU (Decision Making Unit). This DMU consists of influencers, gatekeepers, buyers, users, and decision makers. Finally, the post-purchase evaluation stage tends to result in satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Also, in this stage, Palmer (2004) states that consumers tend to develop brand loyalty if they obtain satisfaction about their decision-making. Thus, marketers play an active role in developing customer’s brand loyalty. For example, marketers can provide all-weather after-sales services for customers with a view to assure later usage with satisfaction. 2. The Effects of Three Forms of Consumer Behaviour on Established and New Companies 2.1 Brand loyalty It seems that attitudes of consumers tend to build customer loyalty on the certain brand. Evans et al (2006) seem to support this view and point out that consumers’ attitude of one product is significantly different from their attitude of another product, and this attitude can contribute towards loyalty. Indeed, brand loyalty is a competitive marketing strategy for companies especially for established companies. According to Evans et al (2006), loyalty can result in a great number of advantages such as reduction in marketing budgets, expanding market share, and extension of existing brands. For example, in the UK, Tesco is an outstanding retailer. Relying on the success in the UK, Tesco not only extents its career from the retailer to the food manufacture and the clothing manufacture, but also expands its market to China, Korea, and also Thailand. Reichheld (1996) also reports that the longer time a customer is loyal to a company, the much more benefits the company obtains as consumers tend to purchase more products in that company. Furthermore, customers tend to neglect prices of the product in certain industries, so companies can double their profits. For example, the advent of Apple products has attracted many customers to purchase, and many customers has built their brand loyalty to Apple products no matter how high prices Apple products set. However, the brand loyalty of consumers tends not to be advantageous for new companies. Firstly, the new company should pay a considerable fund of marketing costs to publicize its product and brand name. Secondly, established companies already occupy large amounts of market share. Boush and Jones (2006) note that there are few appropriate positions for later entrants. Thus, it tends to be difficult to attract customers that have brand loyalty to a certain brand from competitors. For example, In spite of the fact that Carrefour is famous for its low price and high quality products, it exited from the South Korea eventually because it is a new company for Korea, failed to seize consumers from competitors. 2.2 Dynamic demands In terms of the dynamic demands of consumers, companies need update their products or services constantly because of the change of consumer demands, although Boush and Jones (2006) indicate that established companies already occupy large amounts of market share. Palmer (2004) proposes that established companies should reposition or extension their brand based on their growing strengths in order to meet the changeable needs of targets. From established companies aspects, Murphy (1998) argues that the extension of brand will has risks on diluting the existing brand. Then, Murphy (1998) provides a related example of Cadbury, a chocolate manufacture in Britain. The managers of Cadbury extended the Cadbury name to embrace non-chocolate products to attract new consumers with a view to reducing investments on developing a new brand such as mashed potatoes, dried milk, and beverages. Over the years, the managers of Cadbury realized this action not only diluted Cadbury’s reputation but also weakened its power in the chocolate area (ibid). Moreover, Andrew (1998) also observes that chances are limited to extent brands if the brand maintains its current product attributes. However, from new companies aspects, dynamic demands of consumers create opportunities for them. Joel and Michael (2010) cite a supporting example that Apple’s success due to the change in the mobile phone industry. Moreover, Hartman and Beck-Dudley (1999) provide empirical evidence to support that dynamic demands create opportunities for new companies. With the improvement of environmental awareness, current customers tend to purchase ecofriendly goods that have no detrimental effects on environment. The CEO of the body shop, Anita Roddick, realized this demand of consumers; therefore, in 1976, the first body shop opened and launched its brand with minimal package, natural products that have not been tested on animals. Based on these initiatives, the body shop became most successful company and remained one of the global brands till today in cosmetic industry (ibid). 2.3 New shopping channel: online With the rise of online shopping, internet has become a popular shopping platform. Today, shopping online tend to be a major shopping channel, compared with traditional shopping channel such as stores or shopping Hall. From established and new companies aspects, this condition has positive effects on them. Palmer (2004) gives supporting ideas that online marketing is not only less expensive to use, but also less time to communicate with consumersï ¼Å'compared with traditional marketing such as face-to-face marketing, and personal selling. The Oxford Associations astutely observes, that most companies receive over 50% reduction in transaction costs through the internet (ibid). Furthermore, internet help marketers improve conservation rate, and update rapidly after reviewing consumers’ feedback such as respond to demand change (ibid). Moreover, Baker (2006) seems to support this view and points out that online marketing can collect different requirements about products, and marketers can use these data to make customization for consumers. However, not only established companies, but also new companies should notice that the internet is not as a perfect platform for marketing. Palmer (2004) argues that challenges for companies are how to attract consumers when they face information overload because Millen (1994:303) reports that â€Å"individuals can process about seven chunks of information†at most. Chang and Wildt (1996) also indicate that price is becoming an important factor to choose products when consumer face large amounts of information. Thus, companies tend to use low-price strategy with a view to attracting consumers’ attention. The results of using this strategy lead to slight profit and enter in a vicious competition. Palmer (2004) also provides a related argument that the security of financial transaction and private information of consumers should be taken into consideration. Many consumers resist shopping online because they tend to have concerns over the safety of their transaction and private information. Thus, companies will probably lose these potential consumers. Additionally, Palmer (2004) also argues that consumers tend to lose confident to shopping online because they are unable to fell goods physically before purchase. For example, when shopping onlineï ¼Å'one consumer is attracted by a product with light red packaging; nevertheless, after receiving the product, the consumer is frustrating about the product because the colour is not same as showing online. After this shopping experience, this consumer tends not to purchase products in that brand. Thus, it seems that the company tend to lose this potential consumer because of the terrible experience by chance. This subsection discusses the effect of three forms of consumer behaviour on established and new companies. In the following subsection, the paper will focus on the future development of both types of companies. 3. Future Development Consumer behavior has become an essential factor to influence marketing strategies. To a certain extent, companies can derive benefits from consumer behaviour; however, it should be noticed that consumer behavior also tend to threaten companies. Thus, companies should adopt effective measures to avoid negative effects of consumer behavior with a view to future development. 3.1 Aspects of brand loyalty In terms of brand loyalty, new companies occupy an inferior position, compared with established companies. However, they can take advantage of marketing strategies to reserve this position. Firstly, they can fluctuate brand loyalty of consumers through changing consumers’ attitude because loyalty builds on the basis of attitudes. Evans, et al (2006:76) state, â€Å"Attitudes are essentially stable structures and are not easily modified†. However, Hovland and Weiss (1951) argue that attitude can be changed if consumers believe what experts say, as expert effects or star effects. For example, if Ming Yao, who is a popular basketball player in the world especially in China, endorse a nutrition brand, his opinion tends to be a strongly persuasive force that can change consumer attitude and make consumers establish a trust relationship with the brand. Moreover, if consumers are loyal to a certain brand, it shows that they are satisfied with it, and this brand loyalty is not easy to change. Thus, Murphy (1998) proposes that brand differentiation strategy is significant for new companies in terms of brand loyalty. Finally, low-price strategy plays a significant role in entering market for new companies, because Chang and Wildt (1996) indicate that price is one of important factors for consumers to choose product. After successfully attract consumers through low-price strategy, new companies can use other marketing mix such as promotion, and packaging to cultivate customer loyalty. However, With regard to price, it should be noticed that there should be a correspondence between the prices of a product and positioning. 3.2 Aspects of dynamic demands With regard to dynamic demands of consumers, established companies face a complex and multifaceted problem of reposition or extension with a view to retaining loyal customers and attracting new customers. Firstly, Andrew (1998) states that the core value of a brand is a significant basis for reposition or extension a brand. It seems that the reposition or extension of a brand tends to pose risks on diluting the existing brand if the company ignore the core value of the brand. The company of Cadbury mentioned in the second section is a good example. Furthermore, â€Å"the message/offering should be perceived and understood in the intended way†(Evans et al, 1996:51) by consumers. Thus, it is essential to communicating with current and potential customers when companies need reposition or extension of their brands. Finally, Gerstman (1998) indicates that packaging is an excellent starting point for established companies wishing to reposition or ext ension of their brands. 3.3 Aspects of online shopping channel With regards to disadvantages of shopping online, firstly, not only established companies, but also new companies should strengthen the security of finance transaction and privacy information and use of third-party platform of payment transaction that can improve the safety of online shopping such as paypal, alertpay in order to make consumers believe that their information is security when they shopping online. Secondly, in terms of information overload, Palmer (2004:513) proposes â€Å"Getting a high ranking in search engines has become a critical skill†. Finally, it seems that no practical approach tend to solve the problem that consumers cannot examine goods physically before purchase. However, the company can take pre-action in order to reduce dissatisfaction. For example, free samples can provide for potential customers to attempt. Conclusion Understanding consumer behavior is not only a necessary in the stage of attracting consumers, but also a process of sustainable development for companies. This paper supports consumer behavior having a significant effect on established and new companies, and this paper has presented three forms of consumer behavior. These included brand loyalty, dynamic demands, and online shopping channel. The discussion of consumer behaviour’ effects on two types companies have been highlighted. Moreover, factors affecting consumer behaviour are mentioned, including psychological factors, social factors, and buying process. Similarly, for future development, effective approaches have also been given in terms of aspects of brand loyalty, aspects of dynamic demands, and aspects of online shopping channel. In discussing effects of consumer behavior on companies, it may be concluded that established companies occupy dominant position in terms of brand loyalty, compared with new companies; from dynamic demands perspective, new companies reverse the inferior position, and get opportunities to develop and attract consumers from competitors; with regard to online shopping channel, established and new companies face same opportunities and threats. The future role of consumer behaviour has also been taken into consideration, based on research by Evans, et al (1996), and this suggests that consumer behaviour has become a basis to analysis market issues or future trend in market. It should be noted that this paper briefly discussed some effects of consumer behavior on companies and other effects is beyond of this paper and further work could be done in this area. This paper would be of particular interest to those companies who face a problem about consumer behavior.
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